A method for enriching niobium and titanium in a mineral containing iron, niobium, and titanium, includes: reacting raw materials comprising 1 part by weight of a mineral containing iron, niobium, and titanium, 0.1-0.8 part by weight of a nickel-containing substance and 0.2-1 part by weight of carbon at 800-1500 C. to obtain a nickel-iron alloy and a niobium-titanium rich slag, where an amount of the mineral containing iron, niobium, and titanium is counted in terms of iron element, and an amount of the nickel-containing substance is counted in terms of nickel element. The nickel-containing substance is one or more selected from the group consisting of oxides of nickel and nickel minerals.

There are provided metallic glass matrix composites with controllable work-hardening capacity. In more detail, there are provided metallic glass matrix composite with controllable work-hardening capacity capable of having significantly excellent toughness due to a metastable second phase precipitated in-situ in a metallic glass matrix by polymorphic phase transformation during a solidification process without a separate synthetic process, and capable of controlling work-hardening capacity by measuring physical properties of a second phase and adjusting a volume fraction (V.sub.f) of the second phase due to constant correlation between the physical properties (absorbed energy E.sup.t.sub.a, a phase transformation temperature T.sub.Ms, or a hardness H.sub.2nd) of a metastable B2 second phase precipated in the metallic glass matrix and the absorbed energy (E.sup.p.sub.a,V) by work-hardening per unit volume fraction of the second phase in the metallic glass matrix.

A metallic structure includes a first plurality of metal particles arranged in an amorphous structure; a second plurality of metal particles arranged in a crystalline structure having at least two grain sizes, wherein the crystalline structure is arranged to receive the amorphous structure deposited thereon; wherein the grain size is arranged in a gradient structure.

In one embodiment, a physical vapor deposition device includes a phase change material sputtering target includes a primary matrix and at least one additional phase. The primary matrix includes at least one element from Group VI of the periodic table excluding oxygen and one or more elements from Group IV or Group V of the periodic table. The additional phase is substantially homogenously dispersed in the primary matrix.

In one embodiment, a physical vapor deposition device includes a phase change material sputtering target includes a primary matrix and at least one additional phase. The primary matrix includes at least one element from Group VI of the periodic table excluding oxygen and one or more elements from Group IV or Group V of the periodic table. The additional phase is substantially homogenously dispersed in the primary matrix.

BMG parts having an uniform and consistently thick metal oxide layer. The metal oxide layer, also known as an interference layer, exhibits a consistent color and durability over the entire surface of the part. Methods and devices involved in forming the BMG parts with uniformly thick interference layers are also provided.

One embodiment of the present invention provides an Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon for an Fe-based nanocrystalline alloy, the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon being a cooled body of a molten metal that has been applied to a surface of a chill roll, wherein the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon includes a recess having a depth of 1 m or more in a 0.647 mm0.647 mm region located in a central part, in the ribbon width direction, of a ribbon surface, which is a cooled surface, in which a maximum area of the recess having a depth of 1 m or more is 3000 m.sup.2 or less; and a method of manufacturing the same.

A method for synthesizing a copper-silver alloy includes an ink preparation step, a coating step, a crystal nucleus formation step and a crystal nucleus synthesis step. In the ink preparation step, a copper salt particle, an amine-based solvent, and a silver salt particle are mixed, thereby preparing a copper-silver ink. In the coating step, a member to be coated is coated with the copper-silver ink. In the crystal nucleus formation step, at least one of a crystal nucleus of copper having a crystal grain diameter of 0.2 m or less and a crystal nucleus of silver having a crystal grain diameter of 0.2 m or less is formed from the copper-silver ink. In the crystal nucleus synthesis step, the crystal nucleus of copper and the crystal nucleus of silver are synthesized.

A method for synthesizing a copper-silver alloy includes an ink preparation step, a coating step, a crystal nucleus formation step and a crystal nucleus synthesis step. In the ink preparation step, a copper salt particle, an amine-based solvent, and a silver salt particle are mixed, thereby preparing a copper-silver ink. In the coating step, a member to be coated is coated with the copper-silver ink. In the crystal nucleus formation step, at least one of a crystal nucleus of copper having a crystal grain diameter of 0.2 m or less and a crystal nucleus of silver having a crystal grain diameter of 0.2 m or less is formed from the copper-silver ink. In the crystal nucleus synthesis step, the crystal nucleus of copper and the crystal nucleus of silver are synthesized.

A steel sheet for containers including a steel sheet, a Sn coated layer that is formed on at least one surface of the steel sheet, and a chemical treatment layer that is formed on the Sn coated layer. A variation amount in a yellowness index measured at one measurement point on the outermost surface of the chemical treatment layer is defined as YI, and represented by YI=YIYI.sub.0, wherein YI is the yellowness index measured after the steel sheet for containers is subjected to a retort treatment at a temperature of 130 C. for 5 hours, and YI.sub.0 is the yellowness index measured before the retort treatment. An average of absolute values of the YI obtained at a plurality of measurement points included in a unit area of the outermost surface is 5.0 or less.