An austenitic stainless steel sheet for fuel cell separators comprises a textured structure at a surface of the stainless steel sheet, the textured structure having recessed parts and projected parts, an average height of the projected parts being 30 nm or more and 300 nm or less, and an average interval between the projected parts being 20 nm or more and 350 nm or less, wherein a ratio [Cr]/[Fe] of an atomic concentration of Cr existing in chemical form other than metal to an atomic concentration of Fe existing in chemical form other than metal at the surface of the stainless steel sheet is 1.0 or more.

Disclosed are a method of manufacturing a rare-earth permanent magnet capable of offsetting a partially uneven demagnetization by varying the amount of heavy rare-earth element diffused to a grain boundary for each region and a Nd—Fe—B-based permanent magnet manufactured by the same.

The method includes: preparing a base material including a plurality of regions by using a sintered magnet including an Nd—Fe—B-based alloy; preparing a coating material including a heavy rare-earth element; applying the coating material to a surface of the base material; and diffusing the heavy rare-earth element to a grain boundary of the base material by heat-treating the base material to which the coating material is applied. In the applying the coating material, an amount of the coating material applied to each region of the base material may vary.

The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a finished metal object or product having a corrosion resistant layer integral to or within a top portion of at least one of its surfaces that would be exposed to a corrosive environment. In one embodiment, the method for manufacturing is directed to a finished metal tubing product having a corrosion resistant layer within its inside surface that is exposed to a fluid and wherein the corrosion resistant layer is a zinc-metal oxide layer, such as a zinc-chromium oxide layer, or a zinc-mixed metal oxide layer. In addition to methods of manufacturing, the present invention provides finished metal objects or products having a corrosion resistant layer integral to or within a top portion of at least one surfaces that would be exposed to a corrosive environment.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for passively cooling water vapor to enable efficient condensation, and methods of making such systems. A passive cooler can include a thermally conductive substrate having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, a coating disposed on at least a portion of the first side of the substrate, and a housing having one or more insulative walls. The insulative walls may define a vapor flow channel from an inlet to an outlet of the housing such that the second side of the substrate is exposed to water vapor flowing through the vapor flow channel.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for passively cooling water vapor to enable efficient condensation, and methods of making such systems. A passive cooler can include a thermally conductive substrate having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, a coating disposed on at least a portion of the first side of the substrate, and a housing having one or more insulative walls. The insulative walls may define a vapor flow channel from an inlet to an outlet of the housing such that the second side of the substrate is exposed to water vapor flowing through the vapor flow channel.

A composition of matter includes a substrate material (M) having a bulk portion and an outer surface integrated to the bulk portion. The outer surface includes a modified surface layer. The modified surface layer extends to a depth from the outer surface of at least 1 nm. The modified surface layer includes M and at least one other material (X) which is a metal or metal alloy. The modified surface layer has a 25 C. electrical conductivity which is at least 2.5% above or below a 25 C. electrical conductivity in the bulk portion of M. The composition of matter can be an article that includes a frequency selective surface-based metamaterial, and the plurality of modified surface portions can be a plurality of periodic surface elements that provide a resonant frequency.

A composition of matter includes a substrate material (M) having a bulk portion and an outer surface integrated to the bulk portion. The outer surface includes a modified surface layer. The modified surface layer extends to a depth from the outer surface of at least 1 nm. The modified surface layer includes M and at least one other material (X) which is a metal or metal alloy. The modified surface layer has a 25 C. electrical conductivity which is at least 2.5% above or below a 25 C. electrical conductivity in the bulk portion of M. The composition of matter can be an article that includes a frequency selective surface-based metamaterial, and the plurality of modified surface portions can be a plurality of periodic surface elements that provide a resonant frequency.

A system and method for treating a cavity comprises arranging a niobium structure in a coating chamber, the coating chamber being arranged inside a furnace, coating the niobium structure with tin thereby forming an Nb.sub.3Sn layer on the niobium structure, and doping the Nb.sub.3Sn layer with nitrogen, thereby forming a nitrogen doped Nb.sub.3Sn layer on the niobium structure.

An AlSi-alloy coated steel strip for hot press forming and to a method for producing the AlSi-alloy coated steel strip in a continuous coating process.

The invention relates to a method for producing a steel composite in which at least two steel sheets that consist of different steel grades are placed against each other, hot rolled together, and then possibly cold rolled and in which after the rolling, the composite material, which is thus produced from at least two layers with different steel compositions, is diffusion annealed, wherein the annealing temperature is set so as to select the chemical potential of the steel materials to correspond to the following equation:

.sub.C, material 1>.sub.C, material 2,

where material 1 has a lower carbon content than material 2 so that an uphill diffusion of carbon takes place between material 1 and material 2.