A building constructed with a reduced-carbon-emission portland cement concrete slab-on-ground (PCC SoG) having a nominal thickness that is less than a PCC SoG design for the ground site having a design thickness based on design guidelines set forth by the American Concrete Institute. Carbon emission savings for the reduced-carbon-emission PCC SoG are stored by a processor in a first database. The processor verifies that the building constructed with the reduced-carbon-emission PCC SoG has been completed. The processor transfers at least a portion of the carbon emission savings stored in the first database to a second database in preparation for the sale or exchange of the carbon emission savings only after the processor verifies that the building constructed with the reduced-carbon-emission PCC SoG has been completed.

A building constructed with a reduced-carbon-emission portland cement concrete slab-on-ground (PCC SoG) having a nominal thickness that is less than a PCC SoG design for the ground site having a design thickness based on design guidelines set forth by the American Concrete Institute. Carbon emission savings for the reduced-carbon-emission PCC SoG are stored by a processor in a first database. The processor verifies that the building constructed with the reduced-carbon-emission PCC SoG has been completed. The processor transfers at least a portion of the carbon emission savings stored in the first database to a second database in preparation for the sale or exchange of the carbon emission savings only after the processor verifies that the building constructed with the reduced-carbon-emission PCC SoG has been completed.

A sheet for use in ground works, the sheet having an upper face with an plurality of openings therein, a lower face configured so as to permit liquid to drain through the sheet and a spacing arrangement to separate the upper face from the lower face and define a volume therebetween, where the volume is capable of receiving an infill material via the openings in the upper face. The lower face of the sheet is configured to be interengageably secured to an upper face of a similar further sheet.

A sports field comprises a base structure and a cover. The cover is at least partly permeable to fluid, especially water. The base structure comprises voids for containing fluid. The base structure forms a substantially continuous deck supporting the cover. The cover comprises or is formed by an artificial sports layer, such as artificial grass. At least a number of the voids are in fluid communication with each other. Wick elements are provided fluidly connecting at least a number of the voids with the cover for supplying fluid from the voids to the top layer.

A leveling lifter for a precast concrete slab is provided. The leveling lifter includes an engagement part embedded in a concrete slab, wherein the engagement part extends down to the base and contains a coupler component. The lifter may also include an actuator that is structured to engage the coupler within the concrete slab. The lifter also has a base configured under the engagement part. The base is configured to releasably couple to the concrete slab by projections set at a distance from one another on the base, the projections being configured to detach from the concrete slab in degrees upon engagement of the base by the actuator.

A leveling lifter for a precast concrete slab is provided. The leveling lifter includes an engagement part embedded in a concrete slab, wherein the engagement part extends down to the base and contains a coupler component. The lifter may also include an actuator that is structured to engage the coupler within the concrete slab. The lifter also has a base configured under the engagement part. The base is configured to releasably couple to the concrete slab by projections set at a distance from one another on the base, the projections being configured to detach from the concrete slab in degrees upon engagement of the base by the actuator.

Support structure for a surface area, comprising an array of base elements, interconnected for forming the base structure defining a deck, the base elements comprising at least one void for receiving a fluid and wherein the deck is provided with openings for passing fluids into and/or from said void and/or openings for interconnecting the base elements, wherein in at least one of said openings a plug has been provided, said plug provided with a connector for connecting an artefact to said plug.

A support structure, including an excavation and a plurality of irregularly shaped foamed glass bodies at least partially filing the excavation. Each respective irregularly shaped foamed glass body has an aspect ratio of about 1:1.7 and a diameter of about 1 inch. The irregularly shaped foamed glass bodies intersect to define stacking angles of at least about 35 degrees. Under compression, the irregularly shaped foamed glass bodies crush and break up before slip failure occurs such that the roadbed has a crushing failure mode.

A vented cell structure for confinement and interlock of earth materials comprising polymeric strips bonded together on their faces in a side by side relationship at bonding areas which are staggered from strip to strip such that the plurality of strips may be stretched in a direction perpendicular to the face of the strips to form a layer of cells. The strips form walls of the cells, and each of the cells has an open interior. At least some of the strips having openings through the strips providing communication with the open interior of the cells. The strips have improved coefficients of friction and interaction over the prior art. In some examples, at least one of the openings has an open area of greater than 804 mm.sup.2.

A vented cell structure for confinement and interlock of earth materials comprising polymeric strips bonded together on their faces in a side by side relationship at bonding areas which are staggered from strip to strip such that the plurality of strips may be stretched in a direction perpendicular to the face of the strips to form a layer of cells. The strips form walls of the cells, and each of the cells has an open interior. At least some of the strips having openings through the strips providing communication with the open interior of the cells. The strips have improved coefficients of friction and interaction over the prior art. In some examples, at least one of the openings has an open area of greater than 804 mm.sup.2.