A support layer for supporting an artificial turf assembly. The support layer being formed of a polymeric foam, preferably having a density of between 20 and 70 grams per liter, such as a polyolefin foam; and having an upper side and a lower side, wherein in use the support layer has been placed with the lower side thereof on a base surface and supports, on the upper side thereof, the artificial turf assembly, the support layer including a plurality of through drainage holes extending from the upper side to the lower side for allowing liquid such as rain water to flow via the plurality of drainage holes from the upper side to the lower side, and also including a plurality of channels at the lower side for allowing liquid such as rain water to flow through the channels along the lower side, wherein each of said plurality of drainage holes debouches into one of the plurality of channels. The support layer is further included in an artificial turf system, that includes an artificial turf assembly with the support layer supported on a base surface such as a layer of sand, wherein the support layer forms, at the upper sides thereof, a closed support surface supporting the artificial turf assembly.

A construction and/or installation method for using phosphogypsum in embankment improvement includes preparing a phosphogypsum-containing embankment mixture, setting moisture content of an embankment mixture, paving a modified phosphogypsum-containing embankment, and reversely layering anti-seepage cushion layers from two sides of the embankment to the center of the embankment. The preparation of a phosphogypsum-containing embankment mixture can include the following: 90 parts by weight of phosphogypsum and 10 parts by weight of cement are weighted, uniformly mixed and stirred to obtain a base material mixture; and 2-4 parts by weight of sodium silicate is weighted and dissolved in water, and an obtained solution is added to the base material mixture to obtain the phosphogypsum-containing embankment mixture. The construction and/or installation method for using phosphogypsum in an embankment improvement can satisfy embankment strength and rebound modulus requirements, and can be widely applied to a filling-deficient area and an area with a relatively high yield of phosphogypsum solid wastes.

Various embodiments of a system for monitoring drainage of a permeable pavement system are provided as well as various exemplary installation scenarios. In particular, embodiments of a permeable (or pervious) pavement management platform are disclosed herein. In embodiments, the pavement management platform provides a service that allows the user to determine vacuum maintenance needs for permeable (or pervious) pavement systems. Advantages of the platform include: subscription-based asset management platform as a service (PaaS), customized off-the-shelf water-level sensors, off-the-shelf tipping-bucket rain gauge, observation well installation consistent with industry standards, can be implemented in residential, commercial, municipal, county, and state systems, lithium-ion battery powered sensor, LoRA sensor to hub data transmission network, cellular data transmission from hub, electrical power for cellular data transmission hub (can be solar panel powered), real-time dashboarding of surface runoff storage, real-time dashboarding of ground water recharge rate, and permeability (clogging) threshold alerts, among others.

Soil form structure for supporting hardscape and corresponding vehicle, pedestrian traffic, and other loads while maintaining uncompacted or loosely compacted soil underneath. A number of cell structures may be coupled to each other, where each cell has a strong yet lightweight and open structure that can accept uncompacted soil, vegetation roots, utilities, and the like within at least approximately 85-90% of its volume, while also allowing hardscape to be poured or formed thereon. Thus, cell structures allow for hardscape to be integrally formed with the cell structures, without need for an underlying layer of highly compacted soil or other hardscape support.

A support layer for supporting an artificial turf assembly. The support layer being formed of a polymeric foam, preferably having a density of between 20 and 70 grams per liter, such as a polyolefin foam; and having an upper side and a lower side, wherein in use the support layer has been placed with the lower side thereof on a base surface and supports, on the upper side thereof, the artificial turf assembly, the support layer including a plurality of through drainage holes extending from the upper side to the lower side for allowing liquid such as rain water to flow via the plurality of drainage holes from the upper side to the lower side, and also including a plurality of channels at the lower side for allowing liquid such as rain water to flow through the channels along the lower side, wherein each of said plurality of drainage holes debouches into one of the plurality of channels. The support layer is further included in an artificial turf system, that includes an artificial turf assembly with the support layer supported on a base surface such as a layer of sand, wherein the support layer forms, at the upper sides thereof, a closed support surface supporting the artificial turf assembly.

Sports field (1), comprising abase structure (10) and a cover (13), wherein the cover is at least partly permeable to fluid, especially water, wherein the cover comprises a top layer (41) and a shock absorbing layer (38A) provided between the top layer and the base structure, wherein the shock absorbing layer has upper (38T) and lower (38L) surfaces and comprises manmade vitreous fibres (MMVF) bonded by a cured binder, wherein the shock absorbing layer has a thickness (D38) between the upper and lower surfaces of between 12 and 40 mm and has a density of between 175 kg/m.sup.3 and 300 kg/m.sup.3, wherein the shock absorbing layer is hydrophilic, such that it can absorb a volume of water of between at least 20 to 95% of the volume of the shock absorbing layer. A method for forming a sports field and a method for operating a sports field are also disclosed.

An improved sealant packaging and method for use with sealing joints and cracks in pavement and parking lots is provided. Liquid sealant material is poured by volume into a container draped with a sheet. Container is cooled so that the sealant becomes a solid block, with the sheet adhered to the sides of the sealant block such that the sheet forms a container for the sealant. The sheet also acts a release liner for easily removing the sealant block from the container. Two or more contained blocks are stacked together, forming a package of two or more blocks self-sealed by sheets. When the package is placed in a melting kettle, heat migrates through the spaces between the individual sealant blocks and allows the smaller sealant blocks to melt quickly and evenly. Sheet and film melt with sealant material and are incorporated therein to form the final sealant product.

A modular foundation structure for artificial surface systems may include a plurality foundation sections. Each of the foundation section may comprise a structure base layer, an adhesive layer, and an impact and thermal protective layer. The adhesive layer may cover the structural base layer, and the impact and thermal protective layer may be attached to the structural base layer via the adhesive layer. The foundation sections may be provided as separate foundation sections that may be positionable to be attached to one another to form the modular foundation structure. The foundation sections may be attachable one another with a section adhesive. Embodiments may include a connection edge that may be positioned to surround and abut a perimeter of the modular foundation structure. Embodiments may also include an artificial surface layer that may be positioned to cover an upper surface area of the modular foundation structure.

A support layer for supporting an artificial turf assembly. The support layer being formed of a polymeric foam, preferably having a density of between 20 and 70 grams per liter, such as a polyolefin foam; and having an upper side and a lower side, wherein in use the support layer has been placed with the lower side thereof on a base surface and supports, on the upper side thereof, the artificial turf assembly, the support layer including a plurality of through drainage holes extending from the upper side to the lower side for allowing liquid such as rain water to flow via the plurality of drainage holes from the upper side to the lower side, and also including a plurality of channels at the lower side for allowing liquid such as rain water to flow through the channels along the lower side, wherein each of said plurality of drainage holes debouches into one of the plurality of channels. The support layer is further included in an artificial turf system, that includes an artificial turf assembly with the support layer supported on a base surface such as a layer of sand, wherein the support layer forms, at the upper sides thereof, a closed support surface supporting the artificial turf assembly.

Structural cells and matrices using the structural cells for positioning below a hardscape that define a void space therein, the structural cells, matrices using the cells and methods of assembly allowing in one embodiment the introduction of a structural fluid such as concrete to provide an alternative structural cell and matrix product. In one embodiment a structural cell assembly is described comprising a structural cell with a plurality of legs integrally linked to a frame at a first frame end, the frame linking the legs together and the frame defining a generally flat plane with the legs extending substantially orthogonally away from the first frame end about the frame flat plane to a leg terminal end; and a separate plate engaging the legs, the separate plate comprising linked sockets, each socket engaging the leg terminal end; and/or linked sockets, each socket engaging the leg frame ends or a part thereof.