An integrated hydraulic fracture design model that utilizes elastic fluids with high proppant suspension and low required power for injection into a hydrocarbon-bearing, subterranean formation. The integrated physics-based approach utilizes a hybrid friction model to compute viscous and elastic behavior to estimate pressure losses at different pumping conditions coupled with a novel geomechanical model capable of modeling proppant transport with elastic fluids in planar hydraulic fractures and natural fractures. An integrated process to optimize hydraulic fracture design evaluates and quantifies the proppant-carrying capacity of elastic fluids and its impact on the proppant transport process, and low water requirements.

An integrated hydraulic fracture design model that utilizes elastic fluids with high proppant suspension and low required power for injection into a hydrocarbon-bearing, subterranean formation. The integrated physics-based approach utilizes a hybrid friction model to compute viscous and elastic behavior to estimate pressure losses at different pumping conditions coupled with a novel geomechanical model capable of modeling proppant transport with elastic fluids in planar hydraulic fractures and natural fractures. An integrated process to optimize hydraulic fracture design evaluates and quantifies the proppant-carrying capacity of elastic fluids and its impact on the proppant transport process, and low water requirements.

Slotted dipole antennas for use in an antenna system on a drill collar segment is presented. Dipoles may be placed in slots on the drill collar segment. A dipole consists of a ferrite rod with electric wires placed above and below the ferrite rod. Wires may be connected such that wire current forms a loop around the ferrite rod. When a group of slots are used for an antenna, wire holes are constructed between slots. Effectively a single wire may be used to go above all ferrite rods in the group and then turn to go below all the ferrite rods. Two wire segments are in a wire hole connecting two adjacent slots. Currents in the two segments are the same in magnitudes and flow in opposite directions. There is no net current in wires in a wire hole.

Slotted dipole antennas for use in an antenna system on a drill collar segment is presented. Dipoles may be placed in slots on the drill collar segment. A dipole consists of a ferrite rod with electric wires placed above and below the ferrite rod. Wires may be connected such that wire current forms a loop around the ferrite rod. When a group of slots are used for an antenna, wire holes are constructed between slots. Effectively a single wire may be used to go above all ferrite rods in the group and then turn to go below all the ferrite rods. Two wire segments are in a wire hole connecting two adjacent slots. Currents in the two segments are the same in magnitudes and flow in opposite directions. There is no net current in wires in a wire hole.

The present disclosure is directed to articles that include one or more coated fiber(s) (i.e., fiber(s) with a cured coating disposed thereon), where the coating includes a matrix of crosslinked polymers and optionally a colorant (e.g., pigment particles or dye or both). The cured coating is a product of crosslinking a coating composition including uncrosslinked polymers (e.g., a dispersion of uncrosslinked polymers in a carrier, wherein the uncrosslinked polymers are crosslinked to form the matrix of crosslinked polymers). The present disclosure is also directed to articles including the coated fibers, methods of forming the coated fibers and articles, and methods of making articles including the coated fibers.

Monitoring and diagnosing completion during hydraulic fracturing operations provides insights into the fracture geometry, inter-well frac hits and connectivity. Conventional monitoring methods (microseismic, borehole gauges, tracers, etc.) can provide a range of information about the stimulated rock volume but may often be limited in detail or clouded by uncertainty. Utilization of DAS as a fracture monitoring tool is growing, however most of the applications have been limited to acoustic frequency bands of the DAS recorded signal. In this paper, we demonstrate some examples of using the low-frequency band of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) signal to constrain hydraulic fracture geometry. DAS data were acquired in both offset horizontal and vertical monitor wells. In horizontal wells, DAS data records formation strain perturbation due to fracture propagation. Events like fracture opening and closing, stress shadow creation and relaxation, ball seat and plug isolation can be clearly identified. In vertical wells, DAS response agrees well with co-located pressure and temperature gauges, and illuminates the vertical extent of hydraulic fractures. DAS data in the low-frequency band is a powerful attribute to monitor small strain and temperature perturbation in or near the monitor wells. With different fibered monitor well design, the far-field fracture length, height, width, and density can be accurately measured using cross-well DAS observations.

Monitoring and diagnosing completion during hydraulic fracturing operations provides insights into the fracture geometry, inter-well frac hits and connectivity. Conventional monitoring methods (microseismic, borehole gauges, tracers, etc.) can provide a range of information about the stimulated rock volume but may often be limited in detail or clouded by uncertainty. Utilization of DAS as a fracture monitoring tool is growing, however most of the applications have been limited to acoustic frequency bands of the DAS recorded signal. In this paper, we demonstrate some examples of using the low-frequency band of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) signal to constrain hydraulic fracture geometry. DAS data were acquired in both offset horizontal and vertical monitor wells. In horizontal wells, DAS data records formation strain perturbation due to fracture propagation. Events like fracture opening and closing, stress shadow creation and relaxation, ball seat and plug isolation can be clearly identified. In vertical wells, DAS response agrees well with co-located pressure and temperature gauges, and illuminates the vertical extent of hydraulic fractures. DAS data in the low-frequency band is a powerful attribute to monitor small strain and temperature perturbation in or near the monitor wells. With different fibered monitor well design, the far-field fracture length, height, width, and density can be accurately measured using cross-well DAS observations.

A sensor element for a cutting tool has a hard portion having a first sensing surface, first and second electrodes, and first and second sets of thermocouple wires, and an electrically insulating portion. The second electrode has a second sensing surface, The hard portion comprises hard and/or super-hard material and the first and second electrodes comprise electrically conductive hard and/or super-hard material, the hard portion isolating the first sensing surface from the second sensing surface. The second electrode is attached to or forms part of an electrically conductive region of the hard portion or a region attached thereto. Electric current flows between the first and second electrodes through external material when the sensing surfaces contact the material in response to the cutting tool engaging the material. The first and second electrodes are operable to indicate any one or more of a temperature of the first and second electrodes, and conductivity between the electrodes.

A system for imaging material, typically in an underground scenario, comprising of a plurality of conductive electrodes supported on a conductive substrate positionable in an environment to be imaged, a signal generator connected to at least two of the electrodes, and a signal detector connected to at least two of the electrodes, and wherein an impedance compensator is arranged between each electrode and its substrate to counter parasitic impedance between the two. Typically the impedance compensator may be arranged to act as a negative capacitance, which may be approximately equal to any capacitance between the electrode and the substrate. An electrode may be a drive electrode coupled to a signal generator, or a detector electrode coupled to a detector, or may be reconfigurable to act as either one.

A fluid sampling tool and method for fluid sampling in an ultra-tight or tight formation. The tool may include a packer assembly that includes one or more inflatable packers and one or more exhaust ports, a multi-chamber section that includes one or more sample chambers, and at least two storage sections that each contain a storage tank, wherein each storage tank holds a stimulation fluid. A method for performing a stimulation operation that includes disposing a fluid sampling tool into a well, moving the fluid sampling tool to a zone of interest, and isolating the zone of interest with a packer assembly on the fluid sampling tool. The method may further include performing a first pressure draw down and a first pressure build up, performing an injectivity test, and performing a sampling process.