Methods and systems are provided for implementing fluid injection through a cylinder valve seat. The engine system may include a cylinder valve with a valve head mating with a valve seat when the valve is closed. The valve seat includes an injection orifice blocked by the valve head when the cylinder valve is closed and unblocked when the cylinder valve is opened.

An extraction apparatus (10) adapted to capture exhaust gas emitted by an internal combustion engine and to dilute the exhaust gas by mixing with air and also cool the exhaust gas. The extraction apparatus (10) has a first flow path (31), second flow path (32), and third flow path (33). The first flow path (31) extends between inlet (35) and an outlet (37) for air flow from the inlet to the outlet. The second flow path (32) receives exhaust gas emitted from the engine and delivers it into the first flow path (31) for mixing with an air flow along the first flow path. The third flow path (33) delivers water for mixing with the air flow. The arrangement is such that there is confluence of air, exhaust gas and water to provide a fluid mixture for discharging through the outlet (37). The exhaust gas is cooled using the cooling effects of the air and also the cooling effects of water in heat exchange relation with the exhaust gas prior to mixing of the exhaust gas with the air. There is also cooling of the mixture of exhaust gas and air using the cooling effects of water in heat exchange relation with the mixture, and also cooling by injection of water into the air. The various flow paths are configured for the requisite heat exchange relation.

Exhaust gas systems include an oxidation catalyst (OC) capable of receiving exhaust gas and oxidizing one or more of combustible hydrocarbons (HC) and one or more nitrogen oxide (NOx) species, a selective catalytic reduction device (SCR) disposed downstream from and in fluid communication with the OC via a conduit, and an electrically heated catalyst (EHC) disposed at least partially within the conduit downstream from the OC and upstream from the SCR. The EHC comprises a heating element having an outer surface including one or more second oxidation catalyst materials capable of oxidizing CO, HC, and one or more NOx species. The OC includes one or more storage materials individually or collectively capable of storing NOx and/or HC species. Exhaust gas can be supplied by an internal combustion engine which can optionally power a vehicle.

A flexible resistor including a support made of electrically insulating material; at least one track made of an electrically conductive material incorporated in the support, and configured to be connected to an electric energy source; a foil made of electrically conductive material, having a surface fixed to a first face of the support, and a plurality of wings defined by foil portions cut and folded transversally to the surface.

Clamping apparatus is provided including clamp means for clamping two or more items together in use. The clamping means are arranged to move between a clamped and an unclamped position in use. Attachment means are provided on or associated with the clamping means for attaching one or more components to said clamping means in use. The components consist of any or any combination of one or more sensor means, one or more dispensing means or one or more electronic components. The clamping means includes at least one band member. The at least one band member forms an outer band and the attachment means are provided on or associated with at least an additional band member in the form of an inner band or segment that is provided with or associated with the outer band.

The present disclosure relates to a method of compacting an ash deposited in a particulate filter for a vehicle exhaust gas system, the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a low-temperature melting salt to the particulate filter, thereby forming a mixture of the ash and the low-temperature melting salt: and b) bringing the particulate filter to a compaction temperature, thereby compacting the mixture of the ash and the low-temperature melting salt. The disclosure further relates to engine oils, dosage products, engine systems and vehicles for implementing such a method.

A selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system for treating exhaust gases in an exhaust passage is provided. The system comprises a first catalyst for converting urea to ammonia, the first catalyst being located in the passage and having an upstream face and a downstream face. The upstream face is at a right angle to an axial flow path (A) through the passage. The system further comprises a second catalyst for converting NOx to nitrogen gas and water in the presence of ammonia, with the second catalyst being located in the passage downstream of the first catalyst. A diesel exhaust fluid dosing unit is located upstream of the first catalyst. The dosing unit comprises a nozzle arranged so as to inject DEF directly onto the upstream face of the first catalyst.

The present application provides an aftertreatment system for treating an exhaust stream of an engine. The aftertreatment system may include a selective catalyst reduction system positioned downstream of the engine, a secondary catalyst positioned downstream of the selective catalyst reduction system, a first gas sensor positioned between the engine and the selective catalyst reduction system, a second gas sensor positioned between the selective catalyst reduction system and the secondary catalyst, and a third gas sensor positioned downstream of the secondary catalyst.

A mixer is provided for mixing exhaust gas (A) flowing in an exhaust gas-carrying duct (14) of an internal combustion engine with reactant injected into the exhaust gas-carrying duct (14). The mixer includes a mixing body (22) with a reactant-receiving duct (34), an exhaust gas inlet opening device (54) with a plurality of exhaust gas inlet openings (56) leading to the reactant-receiving duct (34), and at least one releasing duct (40, 42) leading away from the reactant-receiving duct (34) with a releasing duct opening (48, 50) for releasing a reactant/exhaust gas mixture from the mixer body (22). An electrically energizable heater (68) is provided at the mixer body (22).

A water neutralization system that includes a first source of water that is acidic and a second source of water that is basic. A storage reservoir communicates with each of the first source and the second source, and includes a pH sensor that is configured to transmit a signal indicative of a pH of the water stored in the storage reservoir. At least one valve controls fluid communication between the storage reservoir and at least one of the first source and the second source, and a controller communicates with each of the pH sensor and the valve. Based on the signal indicative of the pH of the water stored in the storage reservoir, the controller instructs the valve to adjust an amount of water received from at least one of the first source and the second source to neutralize a pH of the water stored in the storage reservoir.