An air, entering into the cylinder of the piston internal combustion engine (PICE) via intake valve (or coming both: through intake valve and through intake ports in the sleeve), flows out through the exhaust ports in the sleeve at the end of the intake stroke and/or at the beginning of the compression stroke. Thus increase (compared with the conventionalPICE) scavenging through the cylinder at full engine loads. In idle running, at low loads and in starting the backflow of exhaust gases into the cylinder is performed. Due to this, the starting is better.

A control system and method utilize an exhaust oxygen (O2) sensor and a controller configured to operate a turbocharged engine in a scavenging mode, and while the operating the engine in the scavenging mode: command a target in-cylinder air/fuel ratio (FA) for achieving a target exhaust gas FA, adjust the measurement of the exhaust O2 sensor based on a scavenging ratio and the target in-cylinder FA to obtain a modified O2 concentration, adjust an exhaust system temperature modeled by a thermal model to obtain a modified exhaust system temperature, and adjust the target in-cylinder FA based on the modified O2 concentration and the modified exhaust system temperature.

A peripheral wall portion of a piston is provided with a through hole penetrating through the peripheral wall portion. A cylinder is provided with a scavenging passage having a first opening being open in a bore surface and configured to make a bore section and a crank chamber communicate with each other and is provided with a communication passage having a second opening being open in the bore surface on the other side with respect to the first opening and configured to make the bore section and the scavenging passage communicate with each other. The cylinder and piston are configured so that the through hole overlaps the second opening to communicate with the communication passage in a partial interval of a scavenging stroke in which the first opening becomes open in the bore surface on one side of the piston with reciprocal motion of the piston.

A peripheral wall portion of a piston is provided with a through hole penetrating through the peripheral wall portion. A cylinder is provided with a scavenging passage having a first opening being open in a bore surface and configured to make a bore section and a crank chamber communicate with each other and is provided with a communication passage having a second opening being open in the bore surface on the other side with respect to the first opening and configured to make the bore section and the scavenging passage communicate with each other. The cylinder and piston are configured so that the through hole overlaps the second opening to communicate with the communication passage in a partial interval of a scavenging stroke in which the first opening becomes open in the bore surface on one side of the piston with reciprocal motion of the piston.

A two-stroke engine has a cylinder and a transfer channel which, in the region at bottom dead center of a piston, establishes a flow connection between a crankcase interior and the combustion chamber. The crankcase has a crankcase connecting flange for connecting to the cylinder, which has a first connecting opening and a second connecting opening. The transfer channel passes into the crankcase at the first connecting opening or the second connecting opening. At the other of the first and second connecting openings, no transfer channel passes into the crankcase. For a production series of two-stroke engines, provision is made, in one two-stroke engine of the series, which has a first cylinder, for a second connecting opening to be closed off from the cylinder, and, in one two-stroke engine of the series, which has a second cylinder, for the first connecting opening to be closed off by the cylinder.

A two-stroke engine has a cylinder and a transfer channel which, in the region at bottom dead center of a piston, establishes a flow connection between a crankcase interior and the combustion chamber. The crankcase has a crankcase connecting flange for connecting to the cylinder, which has a first connecting opening and a second connecting opening. The transfer channel passes into the crankcase at the first connecting opening or the second connecting opening. At the other of the first and second connecting openings, no transfer channel passes into the crankcase. For a production series of two-stroke engines, provision is made, in one two-stroke engine of the series, which has a first cylinder, for a second connecting opening to be closed off from the cylinder, and, in one two-stroke engine of the series, which has a second cylinder, for the first connecting opening to be closed off by the cylinder.

A system and method of stabilizing combustion in the engine of a hybrid electric vehicle. The system includes a controller controlling a starter and an injector, wherein the controller causes the starter to rotate the engine without fuel injection before starting the engine after an engine starting condition is satisfied or after an engine stop condition is satisfied and the engine is stopped.

An engine block comprising: a combustion chamber, an inlet for introducing a fuel/air mixture into the combustion chamber and an outlet for expelling combusted fuel/air mixture from the combustion chamber; and a piston that reciprocates within the combustion chamber to compress the fuel/air mixture therein, the piston having a closer supported thereon, wherein reciprocating movement of the piston seals the combustion chamber with the closer.

A combustion engine having a pair of two-chamber cylinders, in which double ended pistons are located and directed toward themselves oppositely by the angle 180 and compressed together via crankshafts consisting of two crank elements, which are linked rotationally backward by a spacer bearing. The compression is realized with the use of two connecting rod pairs, from which each connecting rod is linked on the one side to with one crank element, whereas the second connecting rod ends are linked to one of shafts, out of which each shaft is connected with one of pistons via a valve rod. In the middle of each cylinder's wall the outlet channel of compressed air is located as well as the outlet channel of products of combustion together with air. In the head of each cylinder and in the compartment the fuel injector, the water vapor injector and the ignition element are located.

A carburetor achieves better emission characteristics while improving a combustion state by increasing a delivery ratio of a stratified scavenging engine and reducing intake resistance. No dividing wall is provided between a throttle valve 204 and a choke valve 242, and a gap 244 between the valves 204 and 242 is opened. Intake air in both of an upper region and a lower region of the choke valve 242 flows into an air-fuel mixture passage 246 in a lower region of the fully-open throttle valve 204. A main nozzle 202 is arranged so as to be inclined toward the throttle valve 204.