A boiler system is provided including: a boiler that burns fuel containing sulfur content, chlorine content, and water content to generate a combustion gas; a bagfilter that removes sulfur oxide; a denitration section that removes nitrogen oxide; a desulfurizing absorbent supply section that mixes a desulfurizing absorbent into the combustion gas on an upstream side of the bagfilter; and a reformer that mixes a denitrating reagent into the combustion gas on an upstream side of the denitration section, wherein the bagfilter performs dry desulfurization, and a temperature of the combustion gas passing through the bagfilter and flowing into the denitration section is higher than 200° C. and 350° C. or lower, and the combustion gas from which the sulfur oxide has been removed by the bagfilter flows into the denitration section without being heated on the upstream side of the denitration section.

A combustion system is capable of using a petroleum pitch fuel, and is provided with a burner having a fuel supply pipe where a flame stabilizing plate is formed in a tip end of the same, and a high temperature maintaining unit for maintaining an atmosphere temperature at a vicinity of the flame stabilizing plate during operation higher than a softening point of the petroleum pitch fuel. Thus, even when the petroleum pitch is used as fuel, the burner does not become unusable due to adhesion/solidification of the petroleum pitch inside the burner and combustion operation can be continued for a long time.

A combustion system is capable of using a petroleum pitch fuel, and is provided with a burner having a fuel supply pipe where a flame stabilizing plate is formed in a tip end of the same, and a high temperature maintaining unit for maintaining an atmosphere temperature at a vicinity of the flame stabilizing plate during operation higher than a softening point of the petroleum pitch fuel. Thus, even when the petroleum pitch is used as fuel, the burner does not become unusable due to adhesion/solidification of the petroleum pitch inside the burner and combustion operation can be continued for a long time.

An improved fired heater with air preheating provided by one or more heat pipes. The fired heater may include at least one burner for combusting a fuel stream and an air stream and producing heated exhaust gases; a hot gas flow path and at least one conduit containing a process fluid to be heated by heat transfer from the heated exhaust gases; and an air preheater comprising at least one heat pipe having a first section exposed to the heated exhaust gases and a second section exposed to the air stream, wherein the heat pipe is positioned and arranged to transfer heat from the heated exhaust gases to the air stream, wherein the at least one heat pipe contains a working fluid sealed within the heat pipe, wherein said working fluid transfers heat from the heated exhaust gas to the air stream to be preheated.

A carbon fiber production method includes a carbon fiber production step including an oxidation step and a carbonization step; and an exhaust gas processing step including a heat exchange step; an external air mixing step; and a mixed external air supplying step in which the mixed external air is supplied to at least one step that uses heated gas in the steps in the carbon fiber production step; and among the exhaust gases, a high heating value exhaust gas having a heating value of 250 kcal/Nm.sup.3 or higher is supplied to an inlet side of an exhaust gas combustion apparatus and a low heating value exhaust gas having a heating value lower than 150 kcal/Nm.sup.3 is supplied to an outlet side of the exhaust gas combustion apparatus, respectively.

A solar chemically recuperated gas turbine system includes an exhaust-gas reformer, a solar reformer and a gas turbine unit with a combustion chamber. The reaction outlet of the exhaust-gas reformer is connected to the inlet of the solar reformer, the flue gas side inlet of the exhaust-gas reformer is connected to the exhaust-gas outlet of the gas turbine. The solar reformer outlet is connected to the combustion chamber inlet. Combustion gas drives the gas turbine after fuel burns in the combustion chamber, and the exhaust gas enters the exhaust-gas reformer. Fuel and steam are mixed and enter the reaction side of the exhaust-gas reformer through a fuel inlet. A reforming reaction between the fuel and steam under heating of the exhaust gas generates syngas. A further reforming reaction occurs by absorbing concentrated solar energy after the syngas enters the solar reformer, and the reactant is provided to combustion chamber.

A method for determining fatigue lifetime consumption of an engine component, by defining a reference thermal load cycle, the reference thermal load cycle being characterized by a reference load cycle amplitude and a reference load cycle time, and determining a reference load cycle lifetime consumption. The method includes measuring a temperature of the engine component, determining a thermal load cycle based upon the temperature measurement, determining a load cycle amplitude, determining a load cycle time, relating the load cycle time to the reference load cycle time, thereby determining a load cycle time factor, relating the load cycle amplitude to the reference load cycle amplitude, thereby determining a load cycle amplitude factor, combining the load cycle time factor and the load cycle amplitude factor into a combined load cycle factor for determining a load cycle lifetime consumption.

Disclosed herein is a combustion apparatus which comprises a chamber having a apertured rotatable tubular auger mounted between end walls of the chamber to convey particulate material from the region of the chamber proxi-mate the feed inlet to the combustion gas outlet and a blower connected to the opposite end of the tubular auger and configured to blow gas into the bore of the auger and out through the apertures into the chamber.

Disclosed herein is a combustion apparatus which comprises a chamber having a apertured rotatable tubular auger mounted between end walls of the chamber to convey particulate material from the region of the chamber proxi-mate the feed inlet to the combustion gas outlet and a blower connected to the opposite end of the tubular auger and configured to blow gas into the bore of the auger and out through the apertures into the chamber.

Systems and methods for shaping and energizing fluids to generate luminous fluid sculptures are disclosed herein. The disclosed methods comprise one or more steps of sculpting one or more fluids into a pattern or shape using one or more forces selected from the group consisting of mechanically generated turbulence, controlled movement through a shaped chamber, application of a magnetic field, vibration, and gravity to generate one or more sculpted fluids, and one or more steps of energizing the fluids using one or more sources of nonvisible energy selected from the group consisting of chemicals, heat, electrical current, and nonvisible electromagnetic radiation so that the fluids emit visible light. The color of the visible light emitted may be controlled by modulating various color-control factors. The methods comprise at least two non-simultaneous steps, where the non-simultaneous steps may be any combination of sculpting and energizing steps, to generate dynamic luminous fluid sculptures.