A fuel nozzle for a gas turbine engine includes a feed arm including a fuel passage for issuing a spray of fuel. A nozzle assembly is fixed at an upstream end of the feed arm having a fuel inlet in fluid communication with the fuel passage. A fiber optic cable is configured to collect burner radiation for a pyrometer input and has a first end centered within an optical connector of the nozzle assembly and a second end exposed from the spray outlet. The fiber optic cable fitted within the feed arm and nozzle assembly has a permanent bend radius preformed in the fiber optic cable. The bend radius can be equal to or greater than the minimum bend radii for the fiber optic cable to serve as a wave guide in wavelengths for monitoring combustion.

A combustion system includes an electrically actuated flame location control mechanism.

An ultra wideband (UWB) combustion sensor detects presence or absence of combustion corresponding to an effect on a transmitted, time-gated pulse and detection by a presence or absence of charged particles associated with combustion. A combustion system includes a UWB combustion sensor. A method for operating a combustion system includes operation of a UWB combustion sensor.

An ignition controlling device of a gas appliance includes a high-voltage provider, a controller, and a flame sensor. The gas appliance includes an ignition electrode and a burner, and the ignition electrode is beside burner. The high-voltage provider has an output terminal, and the output terminal is electrically connected to the ignition electrode to provide high-voltage pulses to the ignition electrode. The controller controls the high-voltage provider to provide the high-voltage pulses. The flame sensor is electrically connected to the output terminal of the high-voltage provider to detect a flame around the ignition electrode and the burner. After a flame is detected by the flame sensor, the controller controls the high-voltage provider to stop the high-voltage pulses.

The present disclosure is directed to an end cover assembly for a combustor of a turbomachine. The end cover assembly includes an end cover and a bundled tube fuel nozzle assembly positioned downstream from the end cover. The bundled tube fuel nozzle assembly includes a plurality of fuel nozzle tubes. A flame detector sight tube couples to the end cover. The flame detector sight tube is aligned with one of the fuel nozzle tubes.

A pseudo flame detecting portion detects a presence of a pseudo flame due to disturbance light when a sensor output of a flame sensor is equal to or greater than a pseudo flame threshold value and detects an absence of pseudo flame when the sensor output is equal to or less than another pseudo flame threshold value. The combustion controlling portion monitors the pseudo flame detection result from the pseudo flame detecting portion before an ignition attempt in the combustion equipment and, when the pseudo flame detection result continuously indicates presence of pseudo flame for a first monitoring time, cancels the ignition attempt in the combustion equipment.

A fuel nozzle for a gas turbine engine includes a feed arm including a fuel passage for issuing a spray of fuel. A nozzle assembly is fixed at an upstream end of the feed arm having a fuel inlet in fluid communication with the fuel passage. A fiber optic cable is configured to collect burner radiation for a pyrometer input and has a first end centered within an optical connector of the nozzle assembly and a second end exposed from the spray outlet. The fiber optic cable fitted within the feed arm and nozzle assembly has a permanent bend radius preformed in the fiber optic cable. The bend radius can be equal to or greater than the minimum bend radii for the fiber optic cable to serve as a wave guide in wavelengths for monitoring combustion.

A combustion system includes an electrically actuated flame location control mechanism.

A gas-fired boiler comprises at least one burner (1) and feeding means (4) for feeding a fluid to such burner (1), said feeding means (4) being connected to a fan (5), a gas duct (7) being provided to feed gas to said fan (5). The burner comprises at least a first main flame-diffuser element (25) and a second auxiliary flame-diffuser element (26, the feeding means being a feeder duct (4) connected to the main diffuser element (25) and to the fan (5), said fluid comprising air or a mix of air and gas which is sent in such feeder duct (4), a tubular body (17) connected to the auxiliary diffuser element (26) opening in said duct (4), a gas carrying pipe (10) opening directly in such tubular body (17).

A process oven includes a housing structure with a conveyor system configured to carry product through a housing structure from a first opening to a second opening. A perforated flame holder is positioned within the housing structure and configured to apply, to the product, thermal energy released by a combustion reaction held by the perforated flame holder.