Disclosed are systems for directing energy according to holographic projection. Configurations of waveguide arrays are disclosed for improved efficiency and resolution of propagated energy through tessellation of shaped energy waveguides.

Disclosed are systems for directing energy according to holographic projection. Configurations of waveguide arrays are disclosed for improved efficiency and resolution of propagated energy through tessellation of shaped energy waveguides.

Disclosed are high enthalpy thermochemical energy storage materials that exhibit high thermal conductivity and stability at high temperature reaction conditions. Disclosed materials include hydride-based alloys that can undergo high temperature reversible hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions without phase change of any metal or metalloid components of the alloy. The materials undergo a reversible exothermic hydrogenation reaction to form a metal hydride and a ternary alloy that includes a high thermal conductivity metal that, in its pure state, would exhibit a phase change at the hydrogenation reaction conditions.

Disclosed are high enthalpy thermochemical energy storage materials that exhibit high thermal conductivity and stability at high temperature reaction conditions. Disclosed materials include hydride-based alloys that can undergo high temperature reversible hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions without phase change of any metal or metalloid components of the alloy. The materials undergo a reversible exothermic hydrogenation reaction to form a metal hydride and a ternary alloy that includes a high thermal conductivity metal that, in its pure state, would exhibit a phase change at the hydrogenation reaction conditions.

A disposable sleeve for containers and systems and methods using such a disposable sleeve. The disposable sleeve includes a liner having inner and outer surfaces, a housing coupled to the inner surface of the liner with the housing defining a pocket and an opening to access the pocket, a heating element disposed within the pocket, and a cover disposed over the opening and coupled to the housing to enclose the pocket. The cover is at least partially removable from the housing to uncover at least a portion of the opening and to enable activation of the heating element to generate heat upon exposure to air.

A disposable sleeve for containers and systems and methods using such a disposable sleeve. The disposable sleeve includes a liner having inner and outer surfaces, a housing coupled to the inner surface of the liner with the housing defining a pocket and an opening to access the pocket, a heating element disposed within the pocket, and a cover disposed over the opening and coupled to the housing to enclose the pocket. The cover is at least partially removable from the housing to uncover at least a portion of the opening and to enable activation of the heating element to generate heat upon exposure to air.

A heat utilization system according to the invention includes: a sealed container into which a hydrogen-based gas is supplied; a heat generating structure that is accommodated in the sealed container and includes a heat generating element that is configured to generate heat by occluding and discharging hydrogen contained in the hydrogen-based gas; and a heat utilization device that utilizes, as a heat source, a heat medium heated by the heat of the heat generating element. The heat generating element includes a base made of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a proton conductor, and a multilayer film provided on the base. The multilayer film has a first layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm and a second layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy, which is different from that of the first layer, or ceramics and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm.

A heat utilization system according to the invention includes: a sealed container into which a hydrogen-based gas is supplied; a heat generating structure that is accommodated in the sealed container and includes a heat generating element that is configured to generate heat by occluding and discharging hydrogen contained in the hydrogen-based gas; and a heat utilization device that utilizes, as a heat source, a heat medium heated by the heat of the heat generating element. The heat generating element includes a base made of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a proton conductor, and a multilayer film provided on the base. The multilayer film has a first layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm and a second layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy, which is different from that of the first layer, or ceramics and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm.

The present invention may be used for self-heating edible fluids without an external heating source, and no or minimal leakage or spilling. It may consist of a fully sealed container body that prevents the leakage or mixing of an activation substance and edible fluid. A body inside of the container may behave as conductive wall separating the activation substance and edible fluid to prevent mixing. The invention includes a chemical pack tool that may be punctured into the container and seal the punctured hole so the is no leakage. As the exothermic reaction takes place, a built-in vent or existing one-way valves/vents may be used to prevent excess pressure build up, and then pushed back in to fully seal the container again when it is no longer needed.

The present invention may be used for self-heating edible fluids without an external heating source, and no or minimal leakage or spilling. It may consist of a fully sealed container body that prevents the leakage or mixing of an activation substance and edible fluid. A body inside of the container may behave as conductive wall separating the activation substance and edible fluid to prevent mixing. The invention includes a chemical pack tool that may be punctured into the container and seal the punctured hole so the is no leakage. As the exothermic reaction takes place, a built-in vent or existing one-way valves/vents may be used to prevent excess pressure build up, and then pushed back in to fully seal the container again when it is no longer needed.