Disclosed is an air cooler, of which a body unit is provided with a cold air generating unit having a cryogenic oxygen transfer tube to discharge cold air, without using a vaporizer for an oxygen container for supplying cold oxygen, thereby simplifying a construction of the oxygen container, which results in decreased costs and improved cooling efficiency. The air cooler includes a body unit (10) for discharging a cold oxygen gas; and an oxygen container (20) for supplying a cryogenic oxygen gas to the body unit (10). The body unit (10) discharges the oxygen gas, which is supplied from the oxygen container (20) through a cold air outlet (11) which is provided to an upper end of the body unit (10), in cooperation with a flow fan (13). The cold air outlet (11) is provided therein with a cold air generator (31) which includes a transfer tube (30), the transfer tube being spiraled in a circular or rectangular shape, and a discharge portion (32) which is the end of the cold air generator is disposed to face the cold air outlet (11).

Standalone and self-contained cooling systems using compressed liquid and/or gas CO.sub.2 containers positioned in an insulated or non-insulated vessel encompassing a container which is either vertically positioned in an upright or an upside-down position.

The liquid and/or gas CO.sub.2 coolant is then released into a capillary system or flow metering system to allow the CO.sub.2 to enter a second body to where the CO.sub.2 coolant properties may be leveraged. The second body includes, by way of example, a plate, a cushion, a spot treatment pad for a person's muscle, or a cooler.

The temperature is controlled by a metering CO.sub.2 releasing system encompassing an electronic control device which sends alerts when pre-defined thresholds are exceeded.

The invention's metering CO.sub.2 releasing system may be triggered by an electronic or a thermostatic valve or may be triggered manually or by an electronic solenoid.

Standalone and self-contained cooling systems using compressed liquid and/or gas CO.sub.2 containers positioned in an insulated or non-insulated vessel encompassing a container which is either vertically positioned in an upright or an upside-down position.

The liquid and/or gas CO.sub.2 coolant is then released into a capillary system or flow metering system to allow the CO.sub.2 to enter a second body to where the CO.sub.2 coolant properties may be leveraged. The second body includes, by way of example, a plate, a cushion, a spot treatment pad for a person's muscle, or a cooler.

The temperature is controlled by a metering CO.sub.2 releasing system encompassing an electronic control device which sends alerts when pre-defined thresholds are exceeded.

The invention's metering CO.sub.2 releasing system may be triggered by an electronic or a thermostatic valve or may be triggered manually or by an electronic solenoid.

The invention is directed to a charged particle beam apparatus that enables temperature maintenance in a cooling unit provided inside a vacuum application apparatus using a refrigerant. The charged particle beam apparatus includes a cooling tank that contains a refrigerant for cooling a cooling unit, a cooling pipe that supplies the refrigerant from the cooling tank to the cooling unit, and a unit that leads the refrigerant to liquefy when the refrigerant is biased to a solid.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a porous plate is provided. The porous plate includes a body having an upper surface, a lower surface opposite the upper surface and sidewalls extending between respective entireties of the upper surface and the lower surface, the body being formed of porous material, and a metallic coating, which is thermally deposited onto an entirety of the sidewalls to form a high-strength mechanical bond with the entirety of the sidewalls.

An automated, ultra-low temperature freezer having multiple structural features that reduce heat transfer into the freezer, protect its internal mechanical devices against low temperature mechanical binding of their movements, allow defrosting and autoclaving as a result of only minimal changes to the conventional CO.sub.2 emergency backup system. A group of freezers are arranged so they can simultaneously provide an HVAC function. A vial management system allows biological samples or vials to be automatically placed in and recovered from the freezer and associates the temperature history with each sample or vial that it was subjected to during its storage.

A Transport Refrigeration Unit (TRU) includes one or more evaporators inside the TRU each containing two manifold tubes located at opposite ends of the evaporator and a multiplicity of cooling tubes traversing between the manifold tubes; one or more super-insulated vacuum tanks located in front of, beneath or inside the TRU, filled with liquid nitrogen, carbon dioxide or a cryogenic coolant connected to the one or more evaporators using vacuum-insulated pipes; a solenoid or pneumatic valve located upstream or downstream of the evaporator to meter a flow of nitrogen through the evaporator; a temperature controlling circuit that operates the solenoid or pneumatic valve; a flow restricting device that limits the flow of the cryogenic coolant through the evaporator; a vent pipe to vent the spent coolant outside the TRU; and a multiplicity of fans located adjacent to and above the evaporators that distribute the cooled air uniformly throughout the TRU.

An apparatus and method for generating ice pellets, in particular for controlling the properties of the generated ice pellets. The apparatus comprises a pellet generation region; at least one nozzle configured to supply a plurality of water droplets to the pellet generation region; a liquefied gas supply configured to deliver a liquefied gas to the pellet generation region to thereby freeze the water droplets to generate a plurality of ice pellets; at least one temperature measuring device configured to obtain data indicative of the temperature of the ice pellets at generation; and a control system configured to adjust the flow rate of water and/or liquefied gas to thereby control the temperature of the ice pellets at generation.

Systems and methods are provided for data center cooling by vaporizing fuel using data center waste heat. The systems include, for instance, an electricity-generating assembly, a liquid fuel storage, and a heat transfer system. The electricity-generating assembly generates electricity from a fuel vapor for supply to the data center. The liquid fuel storage is coupled to supply the fuel vapor, and the heat transfer system is associated with the data center and the liquid fuel storage. In an operational mode, the heat transfer system transfers the data center waste heat to the liquid fuel storage to facilitate vaporization of liquid fuel to produce the fuel vapor for supply to the electricity-generating assembly. The system may be implemented with the liquid fuel storage and heat transfer system being the primary fuel vapor source, or a back-up fuel vapor source.

Systems and methods are provided for data center cooling by vaporizing fuel using data center waste heat. The systems include, for instance, an electricity-generating assembly, a liquid fuel storage, and a heat transfer system. The electricity-generating assembly generates electricity from a fuel vapor for supply to the data center. The liquid fuel storage is coupled to supply the fuel vapor, and the heat transfer system is associated with the data center and the liquid fuel storage. In an operational mode, the heat transfer system transfers the data center waste heat to the liquid fuel storage to facilitate vaporization of liquid fuel to produce the fuel vapor for supply to the electricity-generating assembly. The system may be implemented with the liquid fuel storage and heat transfer system being the primary fuel vapor source, or a back-up fuel vapor source.