A two-phase type heat transfer device (10) for heat sources operating at a wide temperature range. The heat transfer device (10) includes an evaporator (21) collecting heat from a heat source, a condenser (21) providing heat to a cold sink by a first working fluid passing through liquid and vapor transport lines (25, 27) that connect the evaporator (21) and the condenser (23). The evaporator (21) is arranged inside a saddle (31) configured for avoiding that the temperature of the first working fluid in the evaporator (21) is greater than its critical point. The invention also refers to aircraft ice protection systems using the heat transfer device (10).

A vapor-phase type heating method includes: collecting, in the vapor tank, the heat transfer liquid which has come into contact with a heating target object, has cooled to liquefy, and has fallen down as droplets from a front surface of the heating target object to a lower portion of a heating furnace; resupplying, to the heating furnace, heated gas to which the vapor has been supplied and which has been formed by supplying the vapor from the vapor tank to heated gas obtained from heating the heating target object discharged from the heating furnace to a circulation pathway; and heating the heating target object, at a predetermined rate of temperature rise in a state of an even distribution of the vapor of the heat transfer liquid by maintaining the vapor of the heat transfer liquid in a predetermined amount in the heating furnace by the collection and the supply.

A vapor-phase type heating method includes: collecting, in the vapor tank, the heat transfer liquid which has come into contact with a heating target object, has cooled to liquefy, and has fallen down as droplets from a front surface of the heating target object to a lower portion of a heating furnace; resupplying, to the heating furnace, heated gas to which the vapor has been supplied and which has been formed by supplying the vapor from the vapor tank to heated gas obtained from heating the heating target object discharged from the heating furnace to a circulation pathway; and heating the heating target object, at a predetermined rate of temperature rise in a state of an even distribution of the vapor of the heat transfer liquid by maintaining the vapor of the heat transfer liquid in a predetermined amount in the heating furnace by the collection and the supply.

This disclosure relates to heat transfer fluids for use in heat transfer systems. The heat transfer fluids comprise at least one non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid. The non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid has density (), specific heat (c.sub.p), and dynamic viscosity () properties. The heat transfer fluids have a normalized effectiveness factor (NEF.sub.fluid) as determined by the following equation: $NE{F}_{\mathrm{fluid}}=\frac{{\mathrm{DEF}}_{\mathrm{fluid}}}{{\mathrm{DEF}}_{\mathrm{reference}}};$ wherein DEF.sub.fluid is a dimensional effectiveness factor for the heat transfer fluid that is determined based on an equation designated in Table 1 below for a selected pump and a selected heat transfer circuit dominant flow regime; wherein DEF.sub.reference is a dimensional effectiveness factor for a reference fluid that is determined using the same equation designated in Table 1 for DEF.sub.fluid above for the same selected pump and the same selected heat transfer circuit dominant flow regime; and TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 (Heat Transfer Fluid and Reference Fluid) Selected Heat Transfer Circuit Flow Regime Transition Selected Pump Laminar (Blasius) Positive Displacement Pump .sup.1 c.sub.p.sup.1 .sup.1 .sup.0.25 c.sub.p.sup.1 .sup.0.25 Centrifugal Pump .sup.0.19 c.sub.p.sup.1 .sup.0.19 .sup.0.04 c.sub.p.sup.1 .sup.0.04
wherein the heat transfer fluid has a NEF.sub.fluid value equal to or greater than 1.0. This disclosure also provides a method for improving performance of a heat transfer system, a method for improving performance of an apparatus, and a method for selecting a heat transfer fluid for use in a heat transfer system. The heat transfer fluids and methods of this disclosure are applicable in situations where the heat transfer system is dominated by heat conveyance.

This disclosure relates to heat transfer fluids for use in heat transfer systems. The heat transfer fluids comprise at least one non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid. The non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid has density (), specific heat (c.sub.p), and dynamic viscosity () properties. The heat transfer fluids have a normalized effectiveness factor (NEF.sub.fluid) as determined by the following equation: $NE{F}_{\mathrm{fluid}}=\frac{{\mathrm{DEF}}_{\mathrm{fluid}}}{{\mathrm{DEF}}_{\mathrm{reference}}};$ wherein DEF.sub.fluid is a dimensional effectiveness factor for the heat transfer fluid that is determined based on an equation designated in Table 1 below for a selected pump and a selected heat transfer circuit dominant flow regime; wherein DEF.sub.reference is a dimensional effectiveness factor for a reference fluid that is determined using the same equation designated in Table 1 for DEF.sub.fluid above for the same selected pump and the same selected heat transfer circuit dominant flow regime; and TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 (Heat Transfer Fluid and Reference Fluid) Selected Heat Transfer Circuit Flow Regime Transition Selected Pump Laminar (Blasius) Positive Displacement Pump .sup.1 c.sub.p.sup.1 .sup.1 .sup.0.25 c.sub.p.sup.1 .sup.0.25 Centrifugal Pump .sup.0.19 c.sub.p.sup.1 .sup.0.19 .sup.0.04 c.sub.p.sup.1 .sup.0.04
wherein the heat transfer fluid has a NEF.sub.fluid value equal to or greater than 1.0. This disclosure also provides a method for improving performance of a heat transfer system, a method for improving performance of an apparatus, and a method for selecting a heat transfer fluid for use in a heat transfer system. The heat transfer fluids and methods of this disclosure are applicable in situations where the heat transfer system is dominated by heat conveyance.

The present invention relates to relay thermal conductor made of material having better thermal conductivity coefficient, wherein which is thermal conductively coupled with heating or cooling first thermal body at one end or face thereof, and is coupled with interface thermal conductor having higher specific heat capacity at the other end or face thereof; the relay thermal conductor directly performs thermal conduction with second thermal body at another part thereof; and the interface thermal conductor having higher specific heat capacity is the thermal conducting carrier between the relay thermal conductor and the second thermal body.

The present invention relates to relay thermal conductor made of material having better thermal conductivity coefficient, wherein which is thermal conductively coupled with heating or cooling first thermal body at one end or face thereof, and is coupled with interface thermal conductor having higher specific heat capacity at the other end or face thereof; the relay thermal conductor directly performs thermal conduction with second thermal body at another part thereof; and the interface thermal conductor having higher specific heat capacity is the thermal conducting carrier between the relay thermal conductor and the second thermal body.

A method which allows the ejection of non-condensable gases, notably air, from a closed loop power generation process or heat pump system, is disclosed. A vessel in which a working fluid is absorbed or condensed can be separated from the power generation processes by valves. Residual gas comprising CO2, non-condensable gas such as air, water and alkaline materials including amines may be compressed by raising the liquid level in said vessel. The concurrent pressure increase leads to the selective absorption of CO2 by alkaline materials. In simpler embodiments, mainly air is removed from one- or two-component processes. Following the compression, non-condensable gas may be vented, optionally through a filter. The method is simple and economic as vacuum pumps may be omitted. The method is useful for any power generation and Rankine cycle, and particularly useful for the power generation process known as C3 or Carbon Carrier Cycle.

A method which allows the ejection of non-condensable gases, notably air, from a closed loop power generation process or heat pump system, is disclosed. A vessel in which a working fluid is absorbed or condensed can be separated from the power generation processes by valves. Residual gas comprising CO2, non-condensable gas such as air, water and alkaline materials including amines may be compressed by raising the liquid level in said vessel. The concurrent pressure increase leads to the selective absorption of CO2 by alkaline materials. In simpler embodiments, mainly air is removed from one- or two-component processes. Following the compression, non-condensable gas may be vented, optionally through a filter. The method is simple and economic as vacuum pumps may be omitted. The method is useful for any power generation and Rankine cycle, and particularly useful for the power generation process known as C3 or Carbon Carrier Cycle.

This disclosure relates to a heat transfer fluid having at least one first ester that is partially esterified, and at least one second ester that is fully esterified. The heat transfer fluid has a flash point from about 125 C. to about 225 C. as determined by ASTM D-93, and a kinematic viscosity (KV.sub.100) from about 1 to about 5 at 100 C. as determined by ASTM D-445. The at least one first ester and the at least one second ester are present in an amount such that, as the flash point and thermal conductivity of the heat transfer fluid are increased, the kinematic viscosity (KV.sub.100) of the heat transfer fluid is decreased or essentially maintained. This disclosure also relates to a method for increasing flash point and thermal conductivity, while decreasing or essentially maintaining viscosity, of a heat transfer fluid by using the heat transfer fluid.