A multi-split air-conditioning system, and a method for calculating a heat exchange capacity thereof. The method includes: acquiring a total heat exchange capacity of a multi-split air-conditioning system; acquiring a pressure difference between two pressure measurement points on each air pipe; acquiring the distance between the two pressure measurement points on each air pipe; acquiring the pipe diameter of each air pipe; acquiring the friction factor of each air pipe; acquiring the density of a heat exchange medium in each air pipe; and according to the total heat exchange capacity of the multi-split air-conditioning system, the pressure difference and distance between the two pressure measurement points on each air pipe, the pipe diameter and friction factor of each air pipe, and the density of the heat exchange medium in each air pipe, calculating a heat exchange capacity of each indoor unit.

A technique to additively print onto a dissimilar material, especially ceramics and glasses (e.g., semiconductors, graphite, diamond, other metals) is disclosed herein. The technique enables manufacture of heat removal devices and other deposited structures, especially on heat sensitive substrates. It also enables novel composites through additive manufacturing. The process enables rapid bonding, orders-of-magnitude faster than conventional techniques.

A heat exchanger (80) includes a plurality of heat exchange layers (95) stacked in a stackwise direction. Each of the layers includes a first plate (110) and a second plate (115), each of the first plate and the second plate includes a portion of a first enclosed header (120), a second enclosed header (125) and at least one flow channel (130) that extends between the first enclosed header and the second enclosed header. The first plate and the second plate are fixedly attached to one another to completely define the first enclosed header, the second enclosed header, and the at least one flow channel. An inlet header (85) is in fluid communication with the first enclosed header of each of the plurality of heat exchange layers (95) to direct a flow of fluid to the heat exchange layers. An outlet header is in fluid communication with the second enclosed header of each of the plurality of heat exchange layers to direct the flow of fluid from the heat exchange layers. The heat exchanger also includes a plurality of fins (100) with each positioned between adjacent heat exchange layers.

A structure including a hollow porous material with an architected fluid interface to the hollow porous material and methods of forming the same. The architected fluid interface may be in the form of a manifold with tapered openings, each providing a gradually narrowing transition to the hollow channels within which fluid may flow through the hollow porous material. The material may be formed by forming an open-celled sacrificial scaffold, immersing one surface of the open-celled sacrificial scaffold in a bonding agent, attaching a face sheet to the surface to form a sacrificial scaffold assembly, coating the assembly with a coating material, and removing the sacrificial scaffold assembly.

A heat exchanger includes a dividing structure configured to define, at least in part, a first volume and a second volume. The dividing structure is configured to permit a flow of a working fluid from the first volume to the second volume and configured to control a ratio of an upstream pressure in the first volume to a downstream pressure in the second volume by inducing an aerodynamic resistance in a flow of the working fluid between the first volume and the second volume. In certain embodiments, the flow of the working fluid between the first volume and the second volume is along a return flow path defined at least in part by the dividing structure, and the return flow path is a tortuous path or a convoluted path.

An energy beam profiler and calorimeter (EPC) includes a target surface configured to receive an impinging energy beam to be profiled by the EPC and generate heat in response to the energy beam. The EPC also includes one or more first oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) arranged to transfer the heat away from a location at which the impinging energy beam strikes the target surface of the EPC. Other features are also provided.