A method for determining position of an aircraft with reference to a location on the ground includes transmitting an acoustic signal from a position on the aircraft to an array of spaced apart acoustic sensors proximate the location. The method includes at least one of (i) determining a time difference of arrival of the acoustic signal between each of the acoustic sensors and a reference acoustic sensor and (ii) determining an arrival time of the acoustic signal at each of the spaced apart acoustic sensors. The position of the aircraft is determined from the time differences of arrival and/or the arrival times.

To miniaturize an illumination device while meeting requirements of angle characteristics of a liquid crystal panel. A light source 31b is arranged above an outer end portion side of a liquid crystal panel 31d that is positioned radially outward of an illumination housing. A relative position between the liquid crystal panel 31d and the light source 31b is set such that light emitted from the light source 31b is incident within an effective angle range of the liquid crystal panel 31d.

To miniaturize an illumination device while meeting requirements of angle characteristics of a liquid crystal panel. A light source 31b is arranged above an outer end portion side of a liquid crystal panel 31d that is positioned radially outward of an illumination housing. A relative position between the liquid crystal panel 31d and the light source 31b is set such that light emitted from the light source 31b is incident within an effective angle range of the liquid crystal panel 31d.

A method involves determining, at a mobile device or a service, an uncertainty in height above a reference altitude, an estimated 2D position of the mobile device, and an uncertainty in terrain height above the reference altitude using the estimated 2D position. An uncertainty in height above terrain, of the mobile device, is determined at the mobile device or a server using the uncertainty in height above the reference altitude and the uncertainty in terrain height above the reference altitude.

A method involves determining, at a mobile device or a service, an uncertainty in height above a reference altitude, an estimated 2D position of the mobile device, and an uncertainty in terrain height above the reference altitude using the estimated 2D position. An uncertainty in height above terrain, of the mobile device, is determined at the mobile device or a server using the uncertainty in height above the reference altitude and the uncertainty in terrain height above the reference altitude.

Determining one or more heights of one or more mobile devices above surfaces. Particular embodiments described herein include machines that retrieve first data (e.g., measurement value(s) determined by sensor(s) of a mobile device or estimated position(s) of the mobile device), determine a location context based on the first data, identify second data (e.g., measurement value(s) determined by sensor(s) of the mobile device or status indicator value(s) of feature(s) of the mobile device) to retrieve for use in determining an estimated height above a surface at which the mobile device is located based on the determined location context, retrieve the second data, and determine an estimated height above a surface at which the mobile device is located based on the retrieved second data.

Systems, methods, and apparatuses described herein may provide image processing, including displaying, by a mobile device, an image of an object located perpendicular to a reference object, calculating, based on at least one depth measurement determined using a depth sensor in the mobile device, the predicted height of the mobile device when the image was captured, calculating scale data for the image based on the predicted height, determining a reference line identifying the location of the object and the reference object in the image, segmenting pixels in the object in the image from pixels in the image outside the object, measuring the object based on the pixels in the object and the scale data, and generating model data comprising the object, the scale data, and the measurements.

Systems, methods, and apparatuses described herein may provide image processing, including displaying, by a mobile device, an image of an object located perpendicular to a reference object, calculating, based on at least one depth measurement determined using a depth sensor in the mobile device, the predicted height of the mobile device when the image was captured, calculating scale data for the image based on the predicted height, determining a reference line identifying the location of the object and the reference object in the image, segmenting pixels in the object in the image from pixels in the image outside the object, measuring the object based on the pixels in the object and the scale data, and generating model data comprising the object, the scale data, and the measurements.

A first down indicator assembly includes cart that is rollable along a sideline of an American football field. A pair of laser units is each of the laser units is coupled to the cart. Each of the laser units emits a location beam outwardly onto the American football field. The laser units are spaced 10.0 yards apart from each other thereby facilitating officials to determine when a first down is achieved by a football team. An American football visibly renders the location beam from a respective one of the laser units when a football team achieves the first down. A display unit is coupled to the cart thereby facilitating the display unit to be visible to players on the American football field. The display unit displays a variety of indicia for indicating information relating the American football.

A first down indicator assembly includes cart that is rollable along a sideline of an American football field. A pair of laser units is each of the laser units is coupled to the cart. Each of the laser units emits a location beam outwardly onto the American football field. The laser units are spaced 10.0 yards apart from each other thereby facilitating officials to determine when a first down is achieved by a football team. An American football visibly renders the location beam from a respective one of the laser units when a football team achieves the first down. A display unit is coupled to the cart thereby facilitating the display unit to be visible to players on the American football field. The display unit displays a variety of indicia for indicating information relating the American football.