A wavefront sensor includes a splitting element configured to split an incident light beam into a plurality of light beams, an image sensor configured to receive the plurality of light beams, and a processing unit configured to calculate a wavefront of the incident light beam based on an intensity distribution of the plurality of light beams received by the image sensor. The splitting element is either in direct contact with the image sensor or in contact with the image sensor via a plate glass. In the calculation of the wavefront, the processing unit corrects a relative positional deviation between the splitting element and the image sensor by calculating a rotation about a rotation axis.

A wavefront sensor includes a splitting element configured to split an incident light beam into a plurality of light beams, an image sensor configured to receive the plurality of light beams, and a processing unit configured to calculate a wavefront of the incident light beam based on an intensity distribution of the plurality of light beams received by the image sensor. The splitting element is either in direct contact with the image sensor or in contact with the image sensor via a plate glass. In the calculation of the wavefront, the processing unit corrects a relative positional deviation between the splitting element and the image sensor by calculating a rotation about a rotation axis.

Methods, devices and systems are described that enable improved determination of wavefront errors associated with light traveling through turbulent media, such as through the atmosphere. The described systems use a Rayleigh-Raman polychromatic laser guide star (RRPLGS) to measure the tilt at the wavelength of observation by making use of the dispersion of the refractive index of air and differential tilt measurements at multiple combinations of wavelengths based on the Rayleigh and Raman back-scattered light. The described RRPLGS systems have a number of advantages, including scalability of returned flux and flexibility in selection of short wavelengths, allowing for a combination of multiple tilt measurements, and enabling characterization of the turbulent media without relying on photons from the object of interest.

Methods, devices and systems are described that enable improved determination of wavefront errors associated with light traveling through turbulent media, such as through the atmosphere. The described systems use a Rayleigh-Raman polychromatic laser guide star (RRPLGS) to measure the tilt at the wavelength of observation by making use of the dispersion of the refractive index of air and differential tilt measurements at multiple combinations of wavelengths based on the Rayleigh and Raman back-scattered light. The described RRPLGS systems have a number of advantages, including scalability of returned flux and flexibility in selection of short wavelengths, allowing for a combination of multiple tilt measurements, and enabling characterization of the turbulent media without relying on photons from the object of interest.

A film thickness measuring apparatus includes a light irradiation unit configured to irradiate an object with light in a planar shape, an optical element having a transmittance and a reflectance changing according to wavelengths in a predetermined wavelength range, the optical element being configured to separate light from the object by transmitting and reflecting the light, an imaging unit configured to photograph light separated by the optical element, and an analysis unit configured to estimate a film thickness of the object based on a signal from the imaging unit photographing light, in which the light irradiation unit emits light having a wavelength included in the predetermined wavelength range of the optical element.

The present invention provides devices, systems, and methods for producing bi-photons without the need for complex alignment or source design by the user. The invention provides a tunable source of high-brightness, high-visibility, bi-photons that can be configured for a number of applications.

The present invention provides devices, systems, and methods for producing bi-photons without the need for complex alignment or source design by the user. The invention provides a tunable source of high-brightness, high-visibility, bi-photons that can be configured for a number of applications.

An interference imaging device includes a light interference generator that includes: a light wave splitter configured to reflect a part of incident light and to allow a remaining part of the incident light to pass through; a phase modulator configured to modulate a phase of incident light that has passed through the light wave splitter; and a reflector configured to reflect the phase-modulated incident light from the phase modulator so that the reflected, phase-modulated incident light overlaps with incident light that has been reflected by the light wave splitter.

The invention relates to a device for optical applications, which has an optical waveguide (10), to which a light source (11) can be connected. The optical waveguide (10) is designed in such a way that light emitted by the connectable light source (11) propagates along a light propagation axis (12). A wavelength-sensitive grating structure (13) in the optical waveguide (10) has detectors (20), which are arranged in such a way that the detectors absorb partial amounts of the light of the light source (11) that is scattered by the wavelength-sensitive grating structure (13). The grating structure (13) in the optical waveguide (10) is constructed of periodically arranged ellipsoid structural elements (14). The ellipsoid structural elements (14) have a different index of refraction than the material of the optical waveguide (10) surrounding the ellipsoid structural elements. The ellipsoid structural elements (14) have a longitudinal axis and a short axis, which are substantially perpendicular to the light propagation axis (12). Depending on the wavelength, partial amounts of the light scattered by the grating structure (13) are coupled out of the optical waveguide (10). The light hits the detectors (20). An absorbing or partially reflecting filter (30) is arranged between at least one of the detectors (20) and the optical waveguide (10). The detectors (20) have measuring elements for the intensity of the partial amount of the light that hits the detector (20) in question. An evaluation element is provided, which determines a wavelength from the intensity ratio of the plurality of detectors (20). The detectors (20) are arranged in such a way that the detectors either are arranged opposite each other on different sides of the long axes of the

A method for determining wavefront shapes of N angular channels C.sub.L of different propagation directions P.sub.L, said propagation directions P.sub.L being determined by a mean propagation direction vector , from a single signal image acquisition I(x,y) of a multi-angular signal light beam containing said angular channels, each angular channel Ci being separated from other angular channels Cj by an angular separation Δα.sub.ij defined by Δα.sub.ij=arccos, where “.Math.” stands for the inner product between and .