A calorimeter for measuring a heat flux of a sample comprises a container, a first heat sink and a second heat sink whereby the sample is arranged in the container. The first heat sink and the second heat sink are arranged at a distance from each other on the container. The first heat sink comprises a first heat transducer element and the second heat sink comprises a second heat transducer element. Each of the first and second heat transducer elements comprise a heat receiving surface and a heat absorbing surface for generating an electromotive force equivalent to the heat flux to or from the respective heat sink to be sent to a detecting unit for obtaining an electrical potential representing the heat flux leaving or traversing the container.

An embodiment a temperature measuring device including a blood flow meter configured to measure a first blood flow near a skin surface of a subject, a sensor configured to measure a first temperature and a first heat flux of the skin surface of the subject, a storage device configured to store a second blood flow of the subject, the second blood flow being measured before the first blood flow, a thermal resistance deriver configured to derive a first thermal resistance of the subject based on an amount of change between the first and second blood flows, and a temperature calculator configured to calculate an internal temperature of the subject based on the first temperature, the first heat flux, and the first thermal resistance.

A flexible circuit package. The circuit package includes a termination point on a flexible base substrate. The termination point is connected with an interface by conductive material on the base substrate. The conductive material extends across the surface area of the base substrate in multiple individual connections, which are in communication with each other and separated by voids in the conductive material for mitigating communication failure between the termination point and the interface during or following flexion, stretching, compression or other deformation of the base substrate and the circuit package. The termination point may include an input module such as a sensor, switch or other input. The termination point may include an output module such as a light, vibrator or other output. The interface may include an output interface for receiving data or an input interface for sending a command or other signal.

A flexible circuit package. The circuit package includes a termination point on a flexible base substrate. The termination point is connected with an interface by conductive material on the base substrate. The conductive material extends across the surface area of the base substrate in multiple individual connections, which are in communication with each other and separated by voids in the conductive material for mitigating communication failure between the termination point and the interface during or following flexion, stretching, compression or other deformation of the base substrate and the circuit package. The termination point may include an input module such as a sensor, switch or other input. The termination point may include an output module such as a light, vibrator or other output. The interface may include an output interface for receiving data or an input interface for sending a command or other signal.

A thermally isolated sensor associated with a gas turbine engine includes a sensor probe configured to measure a temperature of a fluid associated with the gas turbine engine, and a base to be coupled to the gas turbine engine. The thermally isolated sensor includes a leading projection coupled to the base that extends into the fluid. The leading projection is configured to be heated by a heat source associated with the gas turbine engine. The thermally isolated sensor includes a trailing projection coupled to the base that extends into the fluid. The trailing projection is downstream from the leading projection. The trailing projection includes an inlet, and the sensor probe is disposed within the inlet and thermally isolated from the leading projection.

A thermally isolated sensor associated with a gas turbine engine includes a sensor probe configured to measure a temperature of a fluid associated with the gas turbine engine, and a base to be coupled to the gas turbine engine. The thermally isolated sensor includes a leading projection coupled to the base that extends into the fluid. The leading projection is configured to be heated by a heat source associated with the gas turbine engine. The thermally isolated sensor includes a trailing projection coupled to the base that extends into the fluid. The trailing projection is downstream from the leading projection. The trailing projection includes an inlet, and the sensor probe is disposed within the inlet and thermally isolated from the leading projection.

A chargeable battery temperature estimation apparatus estimating an internal temperature of a chargeable battery includes a processor performing when executing the instructions stored in a memory: acquiring a detected current value output from a current sensor configured to detect a current flowing in the chargeable battery; calculating a heating value on the basis of the detected current value, the heating value estimating heat generated inside the chargeable battery; acquiring a detected external temperature value output from a temperature sensor configured to detect an external temperature of the chargeable battery; estimating the internal temperature of the chargeable battery based on the calculated heating value and the detected temperature value; and outputting the estimated internal temperature.

A chargeable battery temperature estimation apparatus estimating an internal temperature of a chargeable battery includes a processor performing when executing the instructions stored in a memory: acquiring a detected current value output from a current sensor configured to detect a current flowing in the chargeable battery; calculating a heating value on the basis of the detected current value, the heating value estimating heat generated inside the chargeable battery; acquiring a detected external temperature value output from a temperature sensor configured to detect an external temperature of the chargeable battery; estimating the internal temperature of the chargeable battery based on the calculated heating value and the detected temperature value; and outputting the estimated internal temperature.

A sensor comprises a protecting tube fixed to a through hole formed in a partition of a container, a detection part arranged inside the protecting tube, conducting wires connected with the detection part in the inside of the protecting tube, and a fixing member fixed to the partition, and the conducting wires are detachably fixed to the fixing member outside the protecting tube. In a preferred embodiment, the container is an airtight container, and the protecting tube is fixed to the partition indivisibly and integrally. Thereby, a sensor which comprises a detection part and conducting wires in the inside of a protecting tube fixed to a partition of a container and makes it possible to easily exchange a part of members at the time of malfunction and easily adjust a position of the detection part, etc., by a simple structure can be provided.

A temperature-sensing circuit is provided, which includes: a search-control circuit, a voltage-reference circuit, a CTAT (complementary to absolute temperature) circuit, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuit, a comparison circuit, and an SAR (successive approximation register) circuit. The search-control circuit generates a reference-voltage selection signal according to a plurality of control signals. The voltage-reference circuit selects a first reference voltage from a plurality of candidate reference voltages according to the reference-voltage selection signal, and provides a second reference voltage. The CTAT circuit converts the second reference voltage into a first comparison voltage. The DAC circuit converts the first reference voltage into a second comparison voltage. The comparison circuit compares the first comparison voltage and the second comparison voltage to generate a comparison-result signal. The SAR control circuit outputs each bit of a temperature-segment signal of an operating temperature according to the comparison-result signal. The control signals include the temperature-segment signal.