A thin sensor film that is capable of indicating temperature and an associated sensor readout kit that illuminates the sensor film and detects the return fluorescence for analysis to determine temperature. The sensor film may be detached and reattached in order to be reused. The initial design achieves high sensitivity and accuracy in the range of interest to biologistics and can potentially address temperatures ranging from −200 to 300° C. A variation allows for the use of optical fibers for measurements of surfaces inside enclosures.

A temperature sensor and temperature sensing system for sensing changes in temperature up to a predetermined temperature is disclosed. The temperature sensor includes a microstructured optical fiber where the microstructured optical fiber includes a plurality of longitudinal channels extending along the microstructured optical fiber. The sensor also includes a fiber Bragg grating formed in the microstructured optical, fiber by generating a periodic modulation in the refractive index along a core region of the microstructured optical fiber. The fiber Bragg grating is operable to produce band reflection at a reflection wavelength that varies in accordance with changes in temperature at the core region of the optical fiber.

A temperature estimation method estimating a temperature of a heat generating site in an oil-immersed electric appliance immersed in insulating oil, the insulating oil being silicone oil or ester oil. The temperature estimation method includes measuring concentrations of two types of thermal decomposition products in the insulating oil and calculating a temperature of the heat generating site in the oil-immersed electric appliance based on a concentration ratio between the two types of thermal decomposition products and a relational expression between the temperature of the heat generating site and the concentration ratio prepared in advance. When the silicone oil is adopted as the insulating oil, at least one of the two types of thermal decomposition products is straight-chain siloxane, alcohol containing silicon, or benzene. When the ester oil is adopted as the insulating oil, the two types of thermal decomposition products are fatty acids.

A temperature estimation method estimating a temperature of a heat generating site in an oil-immersed electric appliance immersed in insulating oil, the insulating oil being silicone oil or ester oil. The temperature estimation method includes measuring concentrations of two types of thermal decomposition products in the insulating oil and calculating a temperature of the heat generating site in the oil-immersed electric appliance based on a concentration ratio between the two types of thermal decomposition products and a relational expression between the temperature of the heat generating site and the concentration ratio prepared in advance. When the silicone oil is adopted as the insulating oil, at least one of the two types of thermal decomposition products is straight-chain siloxane, alcohol containing silicon, or benzene. When the ester oil is adopted as the insulating oil, the two types of thermal decomposition products are fatty acids.

A temperature measurement system includes: a thickness calculating unit that calculates an optical thickness of a substrate; a rotation position detecting unit that detects rotation position information of the rotary table; a substrate specifying unit that specifies a substrate based on the rotation position information; a storage unit that stores first relationship information indicating a relationship between a temperature and a thickness associated with each substrate, and second relationship information indicating a relationship between an amount of change in temperature and an amount of change in optical thickness associated with each substrate; and a temperature calculating unit that calculates a temperature of the substrate based on the optical thickness calculated by the thickness calculating unit, the substrate specified by the substrate specifying unit, the first relationship information, and the second relationship information.

A temperature measurement system includes: a thickness calculating unit that calculates an optical thickness of a substrate; a rotation position detecting unit that detects rotation position information of the rotary table; a substrate specifying unit that specifies a substrate based on the rotation position information; a storage unit that stores first relationship information indicating a relationship between a temperature and a thickness associated with each substrate, and second relationship information indicating a relationship between an amount of change in temperature and an amount of change in optical thickness associated with each substrate; and a temperature calculating unit that calculates a temperature of the substrate based on the optical thickness calculated by the thickness calculating unit, the substrate specified by the substrate specifying unit, the first relationship information, and the second relationship information.

A method of monitoring the pressure of a tire of an aircraft, the method including: taking two or more pressure readings from the tire at different times; calculating an estimated deflation rate based on the pressure readings; and calculating a time for the tire to deflate to a reference pressure level based on the estimated deflation rate. Two or more temperature readings are each associated with one of the pressure readings, and the estimated deflation rate is calculated by normalising each pressure reading based on its associated temperature reading and a common reference temperature to obtain a temperature-normalised pressure reading, and calculating the estimated deflation rate based on the temperature-normalised pressure readings. The estimated deflation rate is compared with a threshold, and a warning provided if the estimated deflation rate exceeds the threshold.

A method of monitoring the pressure of a tire of an aircraft, the method including: taking two or more pressure readings from the tire at different times; calculating an estimated deflation rate based on the pressure readings; and calculating a time for the tire to deflate to a reference pressure level based on the estimated deflation rate. Two or more temperature readings are each associated with one of the pressure readings, and the estimated deflation rate is calculated by normalising each pressure reading based on its associated temperature reading and a common reference temperature to obtain a temperature-normalised pressure reading, and calculating the estimated deflation rate based on the temperature-normalised pressure readings. The estimated deflation rate is compared with a threshold, and a warning provided if the estimated deflation rate exceeds the threshold.

A visually sensible indicator of temperature including electronic temperature sensing circuitry sensing at least when a temperature exceeds at least one predetermined temperature threshold and providing at least one corresponding threshold exceedance output which is sensible as heat and a heat-responsive visually sensible display which is responsive to the at least one threshold exceedance output for providing at least one visually sensible indication indicating that the temperature has exceeded the predetermined temperature threshold.

Provided is a Raman spectroscopy method for simultaneously measuring a temperature and a thermal stress of a two-dimensional film material in situ. The method includes: providing the two-dimensional film material including a suspended part and a supported part and measuring Raman signals of the suspended part and the supported part; establishing equations of a Raman shift with temperature and a Raman shift with thermal stress for each of the suspended part and the supported part, and solving simultaneous equations to obtain coefficients with temperature and thermal stress; and scanning a characteristic Raman spectrum field of the two-dimensional film material and obtaining a temperature distribution and a thermal stress distribution of the two-dimensional film material according to the characteristic Raman spectrum field in combination of the coefficients of the Raman shift with temperature and the Raman shift with thermal stress.