A system for determining a temperature of an object includes a three-dimensional (3D) printer configured to successively deposit a first layer of material, a second layer of material, and a third layer of material to form the object. The 3D printer is configured to form a recess in the second layer of material. The material is a metal. The system also includes a temperature sensor configured to be positioned at least partially with the recess and to have the third layer deposited thereon. The temperature sensor is configured to measure a temperature of the first layer of material, the second layer of material, the third layer of material, or a combination thereof.

A method for trimming analog temperature sensors. First, raise a temperature of a temperature sensor to a highest temperature of a qualification temperature range. Then, trim the temperature sensor such that a high temperature code generated by the temperature sensor represents an actual temperature reported by the temperature sensor at the highest temperature. Next, lower the temperature of the temperature sensor to a lowest temperature of the qualification temperature range. Determine a slope error between the high temperature code and a low temperature code generated by the temperature sensor at the lowest temperature. Finally, determine a correction function that compensates for the slope error of measured temperature codes generated by the temperature sensor for temperatures across the qualification temperature range.

A method for determining a temperature of an object includes contacting the object with a first electrical conductor. A difference in electronegativity between the object and the first electrical conductor is greater than a predetermined value. The method also includes contacting the object or a substrate on which the object is positioned with a second electrical conductor. A difference in electronegativity between the object or the substrate and the second electrical conductor is less than the predetermined value. The method also includes connecting the first and second electrical conductors together. The method also includes measuring the temperature of the object using the first and second electrical conductors. The first and second electrical conductors form at least a portion of a thermocouple.

A cavity blackbody radiation source is provide. A cavity blackbody radiation source comprises a blackbody radiation cavity and a carbon nanotube layer. The blackbody radiation cavity comprises an inner surface. The carbon nanotube layer is located on the inner surface. The carbon nanotube carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of carbon nanotubes and a plurality of microporous. A method of making the cavity blackbody radiation source is also provide.

If an abnormality detecting unit detects an output abnormality of an internal temperature sensor, a discharge control unit obtains the amount of discharge (a limit value L of gas flow rate F) on the basis of an ambient temperature measured by an ambient temperature sensor, and controls the discharge of fuel gas on the basis of the obtained amount of discharge.

A circuit for determining and/or compensating for a measurement error of a sheathed sensor due to a property of a sheath of that sheathed sensor comprises a first and a second terminal for connecting to a pair of sensor signal leads of a sensor element in a sheathed sensor and a voltage measurement circuit. A switching unit controls switching an electrical connection between a first and a second state. A correction measurement circuit generates a correction signal indicative of that a measured current running from the first terminal through the switching unit. A controller receives the measurement and correction signal in both the first and second state, and calculates an error value indicative of the measurement error and/or a sensor readout value that is corrected for the measurement error by taking the measurement and correction signal into account as obtained in both the first and second state.

A device, which includes an input, configured to read in an analog signal, an analog/digital converter, configured to convert the analog signal into a digital value, and a processor, configured to determine a digital measured value. The processor is further configured to derive a calibrated digital value from the digital value with the aid of a linear calibration function and to derive the digital measured value from the calibrated digital value with the aid of a nonlinear measurement function. The processor modifies the linear calibration function in response to a calibration signal, based on an algorithm, which is based on the nonlinear measurement function, and a number of predefined comparison measured values.

A sensor placement optimization device is provided, which may include a preprocessing circuit and an operational circuit. The preprocessing circuit may perform a pre-process for the sensing signals of a plurality of temperature sensors, installed on a machine tool, to generate a pre-processed data. The operational circuit may execute a normalization for the pre-processed data to generate a normalized data, perform a principal component analysis for the normalized data to generate a dimensionality-reduced data and implement a principal component regression for the dimensionality-reduced data to obtain the contributions of the temperature sensors. Then, the operational circuit may rank the temperature sensors according to the contributions thereof to generate a ranking result and execute a screening process according to the ranking result to select at least one redundant sensor from the temperature sensors; afterward, the operational circuit may remove the redundant sensor from the temperature sensors.

A method to determine a temperature of a product, the method includes: determining a dielectric constant as a function of a core-, surface-, and/or average-temperature correlation ε(T) of at least one product and storing the dielectric constant in a computer means; locating the product between a microwave-radiometry-antenna and a microwave-radiometry-receiver and measuring the dielectric properties of the product; selecting the correlation ε(T) that corresponds to the product whose dielectric properties have been measured, and calculating the core-, surface-, and/or average-temperature of the product using the dielectric constant correlation ε(T).

A temperature sensing system is provided, including an optical temperature sensing probe; a cable coupled to the probe for interfacing the probe with a converter via a connector; an optical fiber carried through the cable from the probe; and a calibration module positioned in the probe or connector, wherein the connector comprises at least two electrical conductors to enable the calibration module to communicate with the converter via the connector. A connector is also provided for connecting an optical temperature sensing probe to a converter via a cable coupled to the connector, the connector including a bore for carrying an optical fiber from the cable to the converter; at least two contact points; and at least two electrical connections via the at least two contact points. An extension cable is also provided for connecting an optical temperature sensing probe to a converter, the extension cable comprising a first end and a second end, and at least two electrical conductors extending between the first end and the second end to carry a signal from the probe to the converter via the extension cable.