A temperature monitoring device of the present invention includes: a current value acquisition portion (50) that acquires a current value supplied for the motor; a calorific value inference portion (20) that infers a calorific value through a first thermal model indicating a relationship between the current value and a calorific value of a servo driver (2); and an anomaly judgment portion (10) that compares the calorific value with a threshold, so as to judge whether there is heating anomaly.

A temperature monitoring device of the present invention includes: a current value acquisition portion (50) that acquires a current value supplied for the motor; a calorific value inference portion (20) that infers a calorific value through a first thermal model indicating a relationship between the current value and a calorific value of a servo driver (2); and an anomaly judgment portion (10) that compares the calorific value with a threshold, so as to judge whether there is heating anomaly.

A system (2) is provided with a temperature controlled chamber (4) having a wall (6) extending about a space (8) to receive a three-dimensional printed job. A plurality of temperature control elements (10,12) are mounted to the wall, wherein each of the temperature control elements is operable separately from each other of the temperature control elements. A controller (14) operates the plurality of temperature control elements, each of which is selectively operable by the controller in dependence upon parameters of a three-dimensional printed job to be temperature controlled within the chamber.

The invention provides an apparatus and a method for testing a sample, with a sensor element (4) comprising a first conductor (301), a second conductor (302) and a third conductor (303) in series. The first conductor (301) is connected to the second conductor (302) at a first sensing junction (316A) and the second conductor (302) is connected to the third conductor (303) at a second sensing junction (316B). Heating is applied to a sample via Joule heating in the second conductor (303). A thermal response is measured (12) via a potential difference between the first conductor and the third conductor generated by the Seebeck effect.

A heat flow rate measurement method for use with a differential scanning calorimeter sensor is provided. The method includes calculating a heat exchange between a plurality of sample containers and a reference container placed on a plurality of sample calorimeter units and a reference calorimeter unit, respectively, and determining a heat flow rate of samples within the sample containers using the calculated heat exchange between the plurality of sample containers and the reference container. A multiple sample differential scanning calorimeter sensor and calorimeter system are also provided.

A heat flow rate measurement method for use with a differential scanning calorimeter sensor is provided. The method includes calculating a heat exchange between a plurality of sample containers and a reference container placed on a plurality of sample calorimeter units and a reference calorimeter unit, respectively, and determining a heat flow rate of samples within the sample containers using the calculated heat exchange between the plurality of sample containers and the reference container. A multiple sample differential scanning calorimeter sensor and calorimeter system are also provided.

An measuring instrument for a physiological heat quantity emitted from a human body includes a heat flux sensor, and a calculator. The heat flux sensor includes a sensor main body portion and a moisture absorbing member. The sensor main body portion has multiple through holes penetrating through the sensor main body portion from a first surface to a second surface. The sensor main body portion is disposed on a human body such that the first surface is adjacent to the human body when in use, and outputs a sensor signal according to a heat flux passing through the sensor main body portion from the first surface toward the second surface. The moisture absorbing member is stacked on the second surface of the sensor main body portion. The calculator calculates the physiological heat quantity based on the sensor signal.

An measuring instrument for a physiological heat quantity emitted from a human body includes a heat flux sensor, and a calculator. The heat flux sensor includes a sensor main body portion and a moisture absorbing member. The sensor main body portion has multiple through holes penetrating through the sensor main body portion from a first surface to a second surface. The sensor main body portion is disposed on a human body such that the first surface is adjacent to the human body when in use, and outputs a sensor signal according to a heat flux passing through the sensor main body portion from the first surface toward the second surface. The moisture absorbing member is stacked on the second surface of the sensor main body portion. The calculator calculates the physiological heat quantity based on the sensor signal.

A system for measuring a heat response of a cell during a thermal runaway event includes a housing. An insulation is positioned within the housing. A calorimeter is positioned within the insulation and the housing. The calorimeter is configured to have the cell positioned therein. The calorimeter is configured to measure a temperature increase of the cell, one or more components of the calorimeter, or a combination thereof during the thermal runaway event of the cell. A total energy yield of the thermal runaway event is configured to be determined based at least partially upon the temperature increase. A ratio is configured to be determined based at least partially upon the temperature increase. The ratio includes energy released through a casing of the cell during the thermal runaway event vs. energy released through ejecta material from the cell during the thermal runaway event.

A system for measuring a heat response of a cell during a thermal runaway event includes a housing. An insulation is positioned within the housing. A calorimeter is positioned within the insulation and the housing. The calorimeter is configured to have the cell positioned therein. The calorimeter is configured to measure a temperature increase of the cell, one or more components of the calorimeter, or a combination thereof during the thermal runaway event of the cell. A total energy yield of the thermal runaway event is configured to be determined based at least partially upon the temperature increase. A ratio is configured to be determined based at least partially upon the temperature increase. The ratio includes energy released through a casing of the cell during the thermal runaway event vs. energy released through ejecta material from the cell during the thermal runaway event.