A system includes first and second acquisition units that acquire first and second biological information of a target, and an estimation unit. The first acquisition unit includes at least one first sensor. The second acquisition unit includes at least one second sensor different from the at least one first sensor. The estimation unit estimates a thermal comfort of the target based on the first and second biological information. The estimation unit further estimates a first thermal comfort of the target based on the first biological information, and the thermal comfort of the target based on the first and second biological information. When the second acquisition unit does not acquire the second biological information, the estimation unit sets, as the thermal comfort of the target, the first thermal comfort that is corrected using previous thermal comfort of the target estimated by the estimation unit based on at least the second biological information previously acquired by the second acquisition unit.

A charging method includes: obtaining a temperature value corresponding to each of the at least two charging paths; obtaining a current coefficient for determining a branch current of each charging path, based on the temperature value corresponding to each charging path; determining a branch current in each charging path based on the current coefficient and a total charging current of an electronic equipment; controlling each charging path to charge the battery correspondingly based on the branch current of each charging path.

A thermally representative phantom mammalian manikin assembly is provided. The assembly can include a cover portion representative of mammalian tissue partially enclosing a thermal cavity having a thermally representative material therein. The cover portion can have an opening with a cap extending across the opening and configured to further enclose the thermal cavity. The cap can have an aperture extending therethrough to receive a device extending through the aperture and into the thermally representative material within the thermal cavity. The device can be a thermocouple configured to measure a temperature of the thermally representative material. In assemblies representing mammalian limbs, the assembly can further include a second thermal cavity representing an additional portion of the limb, e.g., thermally representative upper and lower leg cavities.

Examples of a fiber optic temperature measuring system for measuring a temperature of a surface at multiple points simultaneously in real time is provided. The fiber optic temperature measuring system comprises a fiber optic probe with fiber bundle with plurality of individual fibers with thermographic phosphor at the fiber's tip and a high-speed camera. Invention allows accurate multipoint measurement of ESC' surface temperature. The thermographic phosphor is embedded in a nudge at the tip of each individual fibers or on the surface (under the surface) at predetermined positions.

An ostomy bag can include one or more sensors for measuring one or more metrics. An ostomy wafer can also include one or more sensors for measuring one or more metrics. The sensors can be temperature sensors and/or capacitive sensors, for example, and the metrics can include bag fill, leakage, skin irritation, and phase of stoma output, among others.

A method, consisting of acquiring signals, indicative of temperatures at respective locations in a biological tissue, from a plurality of thermal sensors mounted on a probe in contact with the tissue, interpolating between the temperatures so as to produce a temperature distribution map, and displaying the temperature distribution map on a screen. The method also includes determining that at least one of the thermal sensors is a malfunctioning thermal sensor, and that remaining thermal sensors of the plurality are correctly operating. The at least one malfunctioning thermal sensor is assigned a first arbitrary temperature and the correctly operating thermal sensors are assigned second arbitrary temperatures. The method further includes interpolating between the first and second arbitrary temperatures so as to produce an error distribution map indicative of a suspect portion of the temperature distribution map, and superimposing graphically the error distribution map on the displayed temperature distribution map.

Various examples are provided related to scanning tunneling thermometers and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) techniques. In one example, a method includes simultaneously measuring conductance and thermopower of a nanostructure by toggling between: applying a time modulated voltage to a nanostructure disposed on an interconnect structure, the time modulated voltage applied at a probe tip positioned over the nanostructure, while measuring a resulting current at a contact of the interconnect structure; and applying a time modulated temperature signal to the nanostructure at the probe tip, while measuring current through a calibrated thermoresistor in series with the probe tip. In another example, a device includes an interconnect structure with connections to a first reservoir and a second reservoir; and a scanning tunneling probe in contact with a probe reservoir. Electrical measurements are simultaneously obtained for temperature and voltage applied to a nanostructure between the reservoirs.

Methods for measuring a temperature of a wafer chuck and calibrating temperature and a temperature measuring system are provided. The measuring method includes: placing a test wafer on a wafer chuck, where a plurality of semiconductor devices having electrical parameters varying as a function of temperature are formed on the test wafer; making the temperature of the wafer chuck reach set temperatures; measuring the semiconductor devices respectively to obtain electrical parameters corresponding to the semiconductor devices; obtaining actual temperatures of the semiconductor devices according to the electrical parameters and variations, of the electrical parameters, as the function of temperature; and obtaining an actual temperature distribution of the wafer chuck according to the actual temperatures of the semiconductor devices.

The at least one value is respectively determined from at least one measured value of the sensors (20-29) in a method for determining at least one physical value in a space (10) in which several sensors (20-29) are arranged which are set up to measurer the at least one value, for several positions (30) in the space (10) where there is no sensor (20-29). A system which is set up in order to determine the at least one physical value in the space (10) has several sensors (20-29) which are arranged in the space (10). Furthermore, it has a database, in which information about the space (10) is stored, and a computer which is set up in order to determine the at least one value by means of the method.

Embodiments for assessing energy in a thermal energy fluid transfer system in a cloud computing environment by a processor. Behavior of the thermal energy fluid transfer system, associated with a heating service, a cooling service, or a combination thereof, may be learned according to collected data to identify one or more energy usage events. An energy usage assessment operation may be performed using temperature signal disambiguation operations, with data collected over a selected time period by one or more non-intrusive Internet of Things (IoT) sensors located at one or more selected positions in the thermal energy fluid transfer system, to learn the system performance indicators, and when coupled with ingested expected policy behavior, identify one or more energy usage waste events according to the learned behavior in real time.