A pressure sensor and its use for visually determining whether a preselected pressure threshold has been achieved, for example during high pressure processing treatment of a foodstuff. The pressure sensor includes a contained color-changing system having a dye, a developer, and a solvent; upon achievement of the preselected pressure threshold, the dye and the developer interact, resulting in a visible color change. Further, the visible color change can be retained upon a decrease in pressure and upon an increase in temperature, thereby effectively recording the achievement of the preselected pressure threshold during the high pressure processing treatment.

A pressure transducer includes a cavity, dipolar molecules disposed within the cavity, and pressure measurement circuitry. The pressure measurement circuitry is configured to measure a width of an absorption peak of the dipolar molecules, and to determine a value of pressure in the cavity based on the width of the absorption peak.

A pressure transducer includes a cavity, dipolar molecules disposed within the cavity, and pressure measurement circuitry. The pressure measurement circuitry is configured to measure a width of an absorption peak of the dipolar molecules, and to determine a value of pressure in the cavity based on the width of the absorption peak.

Described is a measuring device for determining a process measurement variable, in particular a pressure, a filling level, and/or a limit level of a medium. The measuring device has a measuring module for recording a measured value of the process measurement variable, a communication module which is configured for data transmission to a communication device, in particular for transmission of a measurement signal correlating with the measured value to the communication device, an electrical load which is supplied with electrical power by means of a supply line of the measuring device. In this case, a switching element for activating and deactivating a power supply of the electrical load is arranged in the supply line, the measuring device is configured in order, based upon the switching element, to deactivate the power supply at least during a part of a transmission time and/or at least during a part of a measurement time.

Described is a measuring device for determining a process measurement variable, in particular a pressure, a filling level, and/or a limit level of a medium. The measuring device has a measuring module for recording a measured value of the process measurement variable, a communication module which is configured for data transmission to a communication device, in particular for transmission of a measurement signal correlating with the measured value to the communication device, an electrical load which is supplied with electrical power by means of a supply line of the measuring device. In this case, a switching element for activating and deactivating a power supply of the electrical load is arranged in the supply line, the measuring device is configured in order, based upon the switching element, to deactivate the power supply at least during a part of a transmission time and/or at least during a part of a measurement time.

A guided wave radar (GWR)-based method of measuring steam pressure includes transmitting at least a first microwave pulse signal from a GWR sensor system having a pulsed radar gauge (PRG) implementing a steam measurement algorithm coupled to a transceiver that is coupled to a GWR probe in a steam boiler tank having a reference reflector (RR) providing an impedance discontinuity. The transmitting the first microwave pulse signal is with water and steam in the steam boiler tank. An echo emanating from the RR is received responsive to the first microwave pulse signal generates that respective time of flight (TOF) measurement data. A refractive index value for the steam is determined from the TOF measurement data and a reference TOF value representing a TOF measurement without the steam in the steam boiler tank. A physical property of the steam is determined from the refractive index value, such as the pressure.

A guided wave radar (GWR)-based method of measuring steam pressure includes transmitting at least a first microwave pulse signal from a GWR sensor system having a pulsed radar gauge (PRG) implementing a steam measurement algorithm coupled to a transceiver that is coupled to a GWR probe in a steam boiler tank having a reference reflector (RR) providing an impedance discontinuity. The transmitting the first microwave pulse signal is with water and steam in the steam boiler tank. An echo emanating from the RR is received responsive to the first microwave pulse signal generates that respective time of flight (TOF) measurement data. A refractive index value for the steam is determined from the TOF measurement data and a reference TOF value representing a TOF measurement without the steam in the steam boiler tank. A physical property of the steam is determined from the refractive index value, such as the pressure.

A method of estimating a compressor inlet pressure for a turbocharger includes: measuring an ambient temperature of air flowing into the compressor; measuring a flow rate of the air into the compressor; measuring a boost pressure of the air from the compressor to an engine; determining a speed of a turbine of the turbocharger; defining a pressure ratio as the ratio of the boost pressure to the compressor inlet pressure; defining a function as the function of the compressor flow rate, the ambient temperature, the compressor inlet pressure and the turbine speed; and equating the pressure ratio and the function and recursively solving for the compressor inlet pressure.

An atmospheric-pressure detecting sensor includes a thermistor for pressure detection and a thermistor for pressure compensation. The thermistor for pressure detection detects change in amount of heat loss in accordance with a thermal conductivity of an atmosphere. The thermistor for pressure compensation serves as a reference for pressure detection. At least resistance values of the thermistor for pressure detection and the thermistor for pressure compensation are paired as electrical characteristics and at least heat dissipation constants of the thermistor for pressure detection and the thermistor for pressure compensation are paired as thermal characteristics.

The disclosure is related to a head-mounted display device and an adjusting method thereof. The head-mounted display device is adapted to be worn on a human face and includes a main body, a contact part and at least one airbag. The contact part is disposed on the main body, and the contact part includes a frame and a nose contact portion connected to each other. The airbag is disposed on the nose contact portion of the contact part, and the airbag is inflatable in order to decrease a gap between the nose contact portion and the human face.