A guided wave radar (GWR)-based method of measuring steam pressure includes transmitting at least a first microwave pulse signal from a GWR sensor system having a pulsed radar gauge (PRG) implementing a steam measurement algorithm coupled to a transceiver that is coupled to a GWR probe in a steam boiler tank having a reference reflector (RR) providing an impedance discontinuity. The transmitting the first microwave pulse signal is with water and steam in the steam boiler tank. An echo emanating from the RR is received responsive to the first microwave pulse signal generates that respective time of flight (TOF) measurement data. A refractive index value for the steam is determined from the TOF measurement data and a reference TOF value representing a TOF measurement without the steam in the steam boiler tank. A physical property of the steam is determined from the refractive index value, such as the pressure.

A guided wave radar (GWR)-based method of measuring steam pressure includes transmitting at least a first microwave pulse signal from a GWR sensor system having a pulsed radar gauge (PRG) implementing a steam measurement algorithm coupled to a transceiver that is coupled to a GWR probe in a steam boiler tank having a reference reflector (RR) providing an impedance discontinuity. The transmitting the first microwave pulse signal is with water and steam in the steam boiler tank. An echo emanating from the RR is received responsive to the first microwave pulse signal generates that respective time of flight (TOF) measurement data. A refractive index value for the steam is determined from the TOF measurement data and a reference TOF value representing a TOF measurement without the steam in the steam boiler tank. A physical property of the steam is determined from the refractive index value, such as the pressure.

A mobile communication device and associated control system is provided for determining a presence and location of pressure applied to the mobile communication device. The system can replace physical buttons on the mobile communication device. In embodiments, a sealed chamber, such as a tube, is filled with a pressure-transferring medium inside the sidewalls of the frame of the mobile communication device. Two (or more) pressure sensors can be mounted to the chamber to measure the pressure at two different locations in the chamber. In an embodiment, the time difference of the pressure wave arriving between the pressure sensors can indicate the location of the applied force. By knowing where the force is applied, a desired command from a user can be inferred.

A mobile communication device and associated control system is provided for determining a presence and location of pressure applied to the mobile communication device. The system can replace physical buttons on the mobile communication device. In embodiments, a sealed chamber, such as a tube, is filled with a pressure-transferring medium inside the sidewalls of the frame of the mobile communication device. Two (or more) pressure sensors can be mounted to the chamber to measure the pressure at two different locations in the chamber. In an embodiment, the time difference of the pressure wave arriving between the pressure sensors can indicate the location of the applied force. By knowing where the force is applied, a desired command from a user can be inferred.

The failure detection device is a failure detection device of a pilot circuit, the pilot circuit including: a pilot pressure source; a pilot pressure supply unit that supplies pilot pressure to a control valve; a pilot oil path that connects the pilot pressure source and a pilot pressure supply unit; and a pressure control unit that controls a pressure of the pilot oil path, the failure detection device including: a pressure sensor that measures the pressure on a downstream side in a pilot pressure supply direction of the pressure control unit; and a controller that controls the pressure control unit to sequentially switch the pressure of the pilot oil path and performs a failure diagnosis based on a measurement result of the pressure sensor at this time, as an operation lever which receives an operation for operating the actuator returns to a neutral state.

The invention discloses a testing device and method for evaluating effects of CO.sub.2 reaction rate of acid rock plate. The testing device includes an acid fluid conveying unit, a CO.sub.2 conveying unit, a mixing tank, a plate holder, a recycling fluid tank, and a vacuum pump. The mixing tank includes an acid fluid inlet, a CO.sub.2 inlet, and a miscible fluid outlet. The acid fluid inlet is connected with the acid fluid conveying unit, the CO.sub.2 inlet is connected with the CO.sub.2 conveying unit, the miscible fluid outlet is connected with the plate holder, the plate holder is connected with the recycling fluid tank, and the recycling fluid tank is connected to the vacuum pump. The CO.sub.2 conveying unit includes a CO.sub.2 cylinder and a gas booster pump which is connected to the cylinder. The outlet of the pump is connected to the gas inlet of the mixing tank.

The invention discloses a testing device and method for evaluating effects of CO.sub.2 reaction rate of acid rock plate. The testing device includes an acid fluid conveying unit, a CO.sub.2 conveying unit, a mixing tank, a plate holder, a recycling fluid tank, and a vacuum pump. The mixing tank includes an acid fluid inlet, a CO.sub.2 inlet, and a miscible fluid outlet. The acid fluid inlet is connected with the acid fluid conveying unit, the CO.sub.2 inlet is connected with the CO.sub.2 conveying unit, the miscible fluid outlet is connected with the plate holder, the plate holder is connected with the recycling fluid tank, and the recycling fluid tank is connected to the vacuum pump. The CO.sub.2 conveying unit includes a CO.sub.2 cylinder and a gas booster pump which is connected to the cylinder. The outlet of the pump is connected to the gas inlet of the mixing tank.

A motor casing and a combination of a motor casing and a plug connection, the motor casing being designed for a drive of movable components of a vehicle, in particular sunroofs, blinds or roofs of convertible. A plug is inserted in the motor casing and a gap is provided between the motor casing and the plug connection. According to the disclosure, at least one projection is provided in the area of the gap and avoids play between the motor casing and the plug connection.

A motor casing and a combination of a motor casing and a plug connection, the motor casing being designed for a drive of movable components of a vehicle, in particular sunroofs, blinds or roofs of convertible. A plug is inserted in the motor casing and a gap is provided between the motor casing and the plug connection. According to the disclosure, at least one projection is provided in the area of the gap and avoids play between the motor casing and the plug connection.

Provided is a monitoring apparatus configured to monitor the pressure state of a fluid in a target apparatus having a chamber in which at least one of compression and expansion of the fluid is performed. The monitoring apparatus includes a heat flux sensor provided for the target apparatus and configured to measure a heat flux between inside and outside of the chamber. The monitoring apparatus includes a determining unit configured to determine the pressure state of the fluid based on a measurement result of the heat flux sensor.