This water vapor observation device comprises an antenna, an RF amplifier, and processing circuitry. The antenna receives radio waves radiated from an atmosphere including water vapor. The RF amplifier amplifies the received radio waves and generates an observation signal. The processing circuitry is programmed to at least: use the observation signal to select a plurality of observation frequencies excluding an accuracy degraded frequency; and calculate a water vapor index using the spectral intensities of the plurality of observation frequencies. This configuration makes it possible to accurately observe a water vapor amount.

A terahertz scanner for detecting irregularities, such as chemical or structural variations, in a sample and methods of use thereof are described. The described terahertz scanner and algorithms allow for direct, high-sensitivity, high-throughput, and non-invasive detection of irregularities that range from chemical contaminant to material defects in a variety of substrates and settings.

A method and an apparatus for dynamically adjusting a radio frequency parameter, and a radio frequency host are provided. The method includes: determining an operation stage of a radio frequency operation and acquiring a radio frequency data standard range and limit range corresponding to an operation object of the radio frequency operation at the operation stage; detecting radio frequency data of the operation object in real time; controlling the radio frequency data to be within the radio frequency data standard range by controlling an injection volume of a syringe pump to the operation object when the radio frequency data detected in real time exceeds the radio frequency data standard range but does not exceed the radio frequency data limit range and lasts for a preset duration; and stopping outputting radio frequency energy when the radio frequency data detected in real time exceeds the radio frequency data limit range.

A method and an apparatus for dynamically adjusting a radio frequency parameter, and a radio frequency host are provided. The method includes: determining an operation stage of a radio frequency operation and acquiring a radio frequency data standard range and limit range corresponding to an operation object of the radio frequency operation at the operation stage; detecting radio frequency data of the operation object in real time; controlling the radio frequency data to be within the radio frequency data standard range by controlling an injection volume of a syringe pump to the operation object when the radio frequency data detected in real time exceeds the radio frequency data standard range but does not exceed the radio frequency data limit range and lasts for a preset duration; and stopping outputting radio frequency energy when the radio frequency data detected in real time exceeds the radio frequency data limit range.

Embodiments are disclosed for terahertz spectroscopy and imaging in dynamic environments. In an embodiment, a method comprises using a sensor of an electronic device to determine an orientation of the electronic device. A transmitter of the electronic device emits an electromagnetic (EM) wave in a terahertz (THz) frequency band into a dynamic environment according to a power duty cycle that is determined at least in part by the orientation. A receiver of the electronic device receives a reflected EM wave from the environment. A spectral response of the reflected EM wave is determined that includes absorption spectra that is indicative of the transmission medium in the environment. The absorption spectra are compared with known absorption spectra of target transmission mediums. Based on the comparing, a particular target transmission medium is identified as being the transmission medium in the environment, and a concentration level of the identified target transmission medium in the environment is determined.

Embodiments are disclosed for terahertz spectroscopy and imaging in dynamic environments. In an embodiment, a method comprises using a sensor of an electronic device to determine an orientation of the electronic device. A transmitter of the electronic device emits an electromagnetic (EM) wave in a terahertz (THz) frequency band into a dynamic environment according to a power duty cycle that is determined at least in part by the orientation. A receiver of the electronic device receives a reflected EM wave from the environment. A spectral response of the reflected EM wave is determined that includes absorption spectra that is indicative of the transmission medium in the environment. The absorption spectra are compared with known absorption spectra of target transmission mediums. Based on the comparing, a particular target transmission medium is identified as being the transmission medium in the environment, and a concentration level of the identified target transmission medium in the environment is determined.

A dielectric spectrometer includes an apparatus main body including a dielectric and in which a flow channel is formed and a probe including a high frequency line. The probe measures a dielectric constant of an object substance as an electrical signal and penetrates the apparatus main body, one end that is an open end of the probe functions as a detection terminal that is exposed to inside the flow channel, and a fringe is formed at the detection terminal of the probe.

A dielectric spectrometer includes an apparatus main body including a dielectric and in which a flow channel is formed and a probe including a high frequency line. The probe measures a dielectric constant of an object substance as an electrical signal and penetrates the apparatus main body, one end that is an open end of the probe functions as a detection terminal that is exposed to inside the flow channel, and a fringe is formed at the detection terminal of the probe.

A system of a machine includes a waveguide system and a radio frequency transceiver/detector coupled to the waveguide system and configured to emit a calibration signal in the waveguide system to establish a reference baseline between the radio frequency transceiver/detector and a calibration plane associated with an aperture of the waveguide system, emit a measurement signal in the waveguide system to transmit a radio frequency signal from the radio frequency transceiver/detector out of the aperture of the waveguide system, and detect a reflection of the measurement signal at the radio frequency transceiver/detector based on an interaction between the measurement signal and a component of the machine. A measurement result of the reflection of the measurement signal can be adjusted with respect to a reflection of the calibration signal.

A system of a machine includes a waveguide system and a radio frequency transceiver/detector coupled to the waveguide system and configured to emit a calibration signal in the waveguide system to establish a reference baseline between the radio frequency transceiver/detector and a calibration plane associated with an aperture of the waveguide system, emit a measurement signal in the waveguide system to transmit a radio frequency signal from the radio frequency transceiver/detector out of the aperture of the waveguide system, and detect a reflection of the measurement signal at the radio frequency transceiver/detector based on an interaction between the measurement signal and a component of the machine. A measurement result of the reflection of the measurement signal can be adjusted with respect to a reflection of the calibration signal.