A method for measuring thermal resistance between a thermal component of an instrument and a consumable includes contacting a known consumable with a thermal component to be tested; driving the thermal component using a periodic sine wave input based on a predetermined interrogation frequency; measuring temperature outputs from a thermal sensor responsive to the periodic sine wave input; multiplying the temperature outputs by a reference signal in phase with the periodic sine wave input and calculating the resultant DC signal component to determine an in-phase component X; multiplying the plurality of temperature outputs by a 90° phase-shifted reference signal and calculating the resultant DC signal component to determine a quadrature, out-of-phase component Y; calculating a phase offset responsive to the periodic sine wave input based on tan.sup.−1 (Y/X) or a tan 2(X,Y); and determining a resistance value for the thermal interface using a calibrated resistance-phase offset equation and the calculated phase offset.

The present disclosure provides a method of multi-objective and multi-dimensional online joint monitoring for a nuclear turbine. The method includes: obtaining first temperature monitoring data of the nuclear turbine by performing online thermal monitoring on a rotor, a valve cage and a cylinder of the nuclear turbine under quick starting-up; obtaining second temperature monitoring data of tightness of a flange association plane of the cylinder of the nuclear turbine by performing online thermal monitoring on the tightness of the flange association plane; obtaining operation monitoring data of a shafting vibration of a rotor and bearing system of the nuclear turbine by performing online safety monitoring on the shafting vibration of the rotor and bearing system; and optimizing operation and maintenance control of the nuclear turbine according to at least one type of monitoring data among the first temperature monitoring data, the second temperature monitoring data and the operation monitoring data.

The present disclosure provides a method of multi-objective and multi-dimensional online joint monitoring for a nuclear turbine. The method includes: obtaining first temperature monitoring data of the nuclear turbine by performing online thermal monitoring on a rotor, a valve cage and a cylinder of the nuclear turbine under quick starting-up; obtaining second temperature monitoring data of tightness of a flange association plane of the cylinder of the nuclear turbine by performing online thermal monitoring on the tightness of the flange association plane; obtaining operation monitoring data of a shafting vibration of a rotor and bearing system of the nuclear turbine by performing online safety monitoring on the shafting vibration of the rotor and bearing system; and optimizing operation and maintenance control of the nuclear turbine according to at least one type of monitoring data among the first temperature monitoring data, the second temperature monitoring data and the operation monitoring data.

A measurement assembly having a body, a vacuum chamber located on the body and in which the measurement process is carried out is disclosed. A first sample and a second sample that are placed in the vacuum chamber contact each other and between which a heat transfer occurs; a piston that provides the first sample and the second sample to continuously contact each other; a cooler located below the first sample and the second sample; and a heater located above the first sample and the second sample is also disclosed.

A method for determining a thermal impedance of a sample device is described. According to the method, a sample device is heated to an initial temperature. A pulsed power including a sequence of pulses is applied to the sample device. Temperature of the sample device is measured in a time-dependent manner. A thermal impedance of the sample device is determined based on the temperature of the sample device and the pulsed power.

A mechanism for thermal testing is described. A test vehicle includes a heating element, a thermal sensor and a processor. The processor is configured to control the heating element to output an amount of the energy per unit time. Temperature readings are received using the thermal sensor. A thermal property associated with a thermal mass is determined based at least in part the amount of the energy output and the received temperature readings.

A mechanism for thermal testing is described. A test vehicle includes a heating element, a thermal sensor and a processor. The processor is configured to control the heating element to output an amount of the energy per unit time. Temperature readings are received using the thermal sensor. A thermal property associated with a thermal mass is determined based at least in part the amount of the energy output and the received temperature readings.

A sensor element (4) is used to apply a heating pulse to a pharmaceutical product (6). Chemical or structural information about the pharmaceutical product is determined by measuring a response of the sensor element (4) during the heating pulse. The response is dependent on a heat transfer characteristic of the pharmaceutical product (6).

A metal casting is heated using infrared energy by introducing the metal casting into a heating chamber with infrared emitters directed towards the casting, and activating at least a portion of the emitters. The infrared emitters may have a metal coil that is partially embedded in a refractory material, and be tunable to emit wavelengths from about 2 μm to about 3.3 μm. The infrared wavelength used to heat the metal casting may be selected based on a surface roughness of the casting. Surface roughness can be measured by measuring a roughness of a part cast from the same mold as the heated casting, which can be the casting that is being heated. Heating may be controlled by measuring the temperature of the casting while a shield is deployed that covers the emitters, which prevents radiations from the emitters from affecting the temperature measurement.

A metal casting is heated using infrared energy by introducing the metal casting into a heating chamber with infrared emitters directed towards the casting, and activating at least a portion of the emitters. The infrared emitters may have a metal coil that is partially embedded in a refractory material, and be tunable to emit wavelengths from about 2 μm to about 3.3 μm. The infrared wavelength used to heat the metal casting may be selected based on a surface roughness of the casting. Surface roughness can be measured by measuring a roughness of a part cast from the same mold as the heated casting, which can be the casting that is being heated. Heating may be controlled by measuring the temperature of the casting while a shield is deployed that covers the emitters, which prevents radiations from the emitters from affecting the temperature measurement.