A biosensor that can perform analysis based on a sample noninvasively collected from a human body is provided. The biosensor comprises an identification substance (38) that binds to a substance to be detected (40), and an electrode (16) charged with a charge of the identification substance (38), comprises an inhibitor (39) that inhibits a substance not to be detected (42) from attaching to at least one of the identification substance (38) and the electrode (16), and detects a change in a charge density of the electrode (16) caused by binding of the substance to be detected (40) to the identification substance (38).

The invention relates to a method of determining glycan moiety on a recombinant glycoprotein using condensation nucleation light scattering detection.

There are provided, inter alia, methods for reacting an enzyme and its substrate, methods for purifying a protein and an enzyme reactor and its use thereof.

This application features a method of forming a nanoporous layer. The method includes steps of reducing metal ions in a reverse micelle phase composition to form nanoparticles, removing surfactant from the composition to form clusters of the nanoparticles, dispensing the composition including the nanoparticle clusters dispersed in a liquid on a substrate, and drying to form the nanoporous layer. The nanoporous layer includes nanoparticles deposited to form a three dimensional network of irregularly shaped bodies. The nanoporous layer also includes a three dimensional network of intercluster spaces that are not occupied by the three dimensional network of irregularly shaped bodies.

The present disclosure provides methods to reduce and/or increase the function of the purinergic/Adenosine system in individuals with detected cognitive impairment such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and HIV as well as other diseases with dysregulated ATP secretion and its degradation products including adenosine. The present disclosure provides methods to block the toxic effects of increased circulating levels of ATP observed in several kinds of CNS diseases and maybe peripherical diseases.

Provided are a determination method and a kit both for determining the possibility of the occurrence of deterioration of a renal function in the future. A method according to one aspect of the present invention involves a step of determining the level of Galβ1-3GalNAc and/or Siaα2-6Gal/GalNAc in a sample collected from a subject. A kit according to one aspect of the present invention includes a lectin capable of binding to Galβ1-3GalNAc and/or Siaα2-6Gal/GalNAc.

The disclosure provides methods, compositions, and kits for enhanced detection of microbes in samples and monitoring of antimicrobial activity in a subject.

This disclosure relates to a glucose-sensing electrode including a nanoporous metal layer and an electrolyte ion-blocking layer formed over the nanoporous metal layer. The nanoporous metal layer is capable of oxidizing both glucose and maltose without an enzyme specific to glucose in the glucose-sensing electrode. The electrolyte ion-blocking layer is configured to inhibit Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Ca.sup.2+, Cl.sup.−, PO.sub.4.sup.3− and CO.sub.3.sup.2− from diffusing toward the nanoporous metal layer such that there is a substantial discontinuity of a combined concentration of Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Ca.sup.2+, Cl.sup.−, PO.sub.4.sup.3− and CO.sub.3.sup.2− between over and below the electrolyte ion-blocking layer.

The invention aims to provide a non-destructive method of testing and analysing, amongst other things, cell types such as pluripotent cells, including differentiated cells and MSCs. The invention also aims to provide a non-destructive method to test and analyse the cell conditions, such as aging, activity, multipotency, differentiated directivity and effectiveness. Possibility of analysing cell types or cell conditions without destroying the cells by analyzing glycan profile, which is acquired from glycoconjugates secreted from cells in culture mediums, using microarrays with glycan binding protein, on the surface was discovered.

There is provided a molecule comprising a chain of seven or more contiguous units of 4,6-dideoxy-4-acylamido-α-pyranose each pair of units joined by a C.sub.1-C.sub.2 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.3 link, the chain having a terminal end and a reducing end, wherein the pyranose ring in the unit of the chain most distal from the reducing end is linked to a cap structure. The cap structure is not a 4,6-dideoxy-4-acylamido-α-pyranose. There are also provided vaccine compositions comprising the molecule and methods of vaccinating an animal against infection by a Brucella organism, including methods of distinguishing between a vaccinated and an infected animal. There are further provided novel methods of detecting the presence in a sample of an anti-Brucella antibody.