A method for physically modifying at least one of at least one region of a surface of a substrate and at least one portion of the substrate, the substrate comprising a multicomponent glass, the method comprising the steps of: providing an apparatus and the substrate, the apparatus including a radiation source configured for generating a particle beam; feeding the substrate to the apparatus and applying a vacuum; modifying at least one of the at least one region of the surface of the substrate and the at least one portion of the substrate by an exposure to the particle beam.

An optical system includes a front lens unit with positive refractive power, an intermediate lens unit, and a rear lens unit in order from an object side to an image side. The intermediate lens unit moves to change an interval between the front lens unit and the intermediate lens unit and an interval between the intermediate lens unit and the rear lens unit in focusing from infinity to a close range. The focal length of the front lens unit and the effective diameter of a lens surface closest to the image side in the rear lens unit satisfy a predetermined inequality.

A light receiving element of the present disclosure includes a wire grid polarizing element, wavelength selection means, and a photoelectric conversion portion from a light incident side, and the wavelength selection means includes a plurality of wavelength selection members, and the wavelength selection members constituted by a plasmon filter transmit light having different wavelengths.

A dual-aperture zoom camera comprising a Wide camera with a respective Wide lens and a Tele camera with a respective Tele lens, the Wide and Tele cameras mounted directly on a single printed circuit board, wherein the Wide and Tele lenses have respective effective focal lengths EFL.sub.W and EFL.sub.T and respective total track lengths TTL.sub.W and TTL.sub.T and wherein TTL.sub.W/EFL.sub.W>1.1 and TTL.sub.T/EFL.sub.T<1.0. Optionally, the dual-aperture zoom camera may further comprise an optical OIS controller configured to provide a compensation lens movement according to a user-defined zoom factor (ZF) and a camera tilt (CT) through LMV=CT*EFL.sub.ZF, where EFL.sub.ZF is a zoom-factor dependent effective focal length.

A photographing optical lens assembly includes, in order from an object side to an image side, a first lens element, a second lens element, a third lens element, a fourth lens element and a fifth lens element. The first lens element with positive refractive power has a convex object-side surface. The second lens element with negative refractive power has a convex object-side surface and a concave image-side surface. The third lens element has refractive power. The fourth lens element has refractive power, and an object-side surface and an image-side surface thereof are aspheric. The fifth lens element with negative refractive power has a concave image-side surface, wherein an object-side surface and the image-side surface thereof are aspheric, and at least one of the object-side surface and the image-side surface thereof has at least one inflection point.

A sampling module for providing an illumination beam onto an object and collecting a measurement beam reflected thereby to at least one measurement device is provided. The sampling module includes at least one illumination module, a light collecting element, and at least one light receiving module. The illumination module provides the illumination beam. The light collecting element has a first opening and an internal space. The illumination module is disposed in the first opening. The illumination beam is transmitted to the object in the internal space. The light receiving module is connected to the light collecting element and includes a case and a lens set. A distance between the sampling module and the object is greater than 0 mm. The measurement beam is transmitted by the object through the lens set to be incident onto the measurement device.

Control instructions are transmitted to receivers by modulating light sources to generate light beams that are modulated with digital data streams for inducing control instructions in the light beams. Each light beam is applied to a pixel shaper element of a pixel shaper assembly to produce a light pixel, each light pixel carrying the control instructions of the light beam, each light pixel having a perimeter defined by the pixel shaper element. The pixel shaper assembly combines the light pixels into an image without significant overlap or voids between the light pixels emitted by the pixel shaper assembly. The light pixels are directed toward a projector lens for transmission toward the receivers. In a receiver, an optical receiver detects a light pixel. A controller decodes the control instructions received in the detected light pixel and uses the control instructions to control a function of the receiver.

The present disclosure relates to a method for fabricating a rear cover glass and a flexible display device including a first body, a second body configured to be movable relative to the first body, a flexible display disposed on a front surface of the first body and a rear surface of the second body and configured such that a size of an area exposed to the front surface of the first body and a size of an area exposed to the rear surface of the second body vary as the first body and the second body are moved relative to each other, and a rear cover glass mounted on the second body and disposed to cover at least a part of the rear surface of the second body.

A louver includes a light blocking portion having a first surface and a second surface and a base portion made of a transparent material. The light blocking portion is formed in the base portion, being made of a light blocking material. The second surface is a surface that is in contact with the transparent material and that is located on an outer-edge side of the base portion. The first surface is a surface that is in contact with the transparent material and that is opposite to the second surface. A surface roughness of the first surface is larger than a surface roughness of the second surface.

A virtual image display device includes a display element, which is an image light generating unit that generates an image light, a first mirror that reflects the image light, a second mirror that reflects the image light reflected by the first mirror, and a third mirror that transmits external light and that reflects part of the image light reflected by the second mirror to guide the image light to a position of an exit pupil, wherein the first mirror has an angular dependence on a reflective surface.