An image sensor unit includes: a visible light cut filter that is arranged between a first light source and a first light guide and blocks light including visible light having wavelengths longer than those of ultraviolet light; a lens body that condenses light generated on a reading target by light radiated from the first light guide and light radiated from a second light guide; a line sensor that receives the light condensed by the lens body; and an ultraviolet light cut filter arranged between the lens body and the line sensor and blocks ultraviolet light.

A camera module includes an imaging lens assembly and an image sensor. The imaging lens assembly includes a plastic optical element with a light-blocking layer disposed on its transparent surface. The plastic optical element includes an optical effective area, and a peripheral region of the light-blocking layer forms a specific shape around the optical effective area so as to define an aperture region. The peripheral region includes a main portion and a compensation portion. The main portion is physically contacted with the transparent surface. The compensation portion is disposed on an edge of the main portion adjacent to the optical effective area, and an optical density of the compensation portion is lower than an optical density of the main portion. The image sensor is disposed on an image side of the imaging lens assembly for defining a maximum image height and further defining a relative illumination.

A unitary electro-optic window assembly includes a window element. A first substantially transparent substrate defines a first surface, a second surface, and a first peripheral edge. A second substantially transparent substrate defines a third surface, a fourth surface, and a second peripheral edge. The first and second substantially transparent substrates define a cavity therebetween. An electro-optic medium at least partially fills the cavity and is configured to reduce light transmissivity of the window element. A controller is adjacent to the window element and is in electrical communication therewith. The controller is configured to change a voltage applied to the electro-optic medium to change the light transmissivity of the window element. An interface is in electrical communication with the controller. A transparent dust cover is positioned over the window element, the controller, and the interface.

Devices and methods are disclosed for near unity absorption or near zero reflection of electromagnetic radiation over a wide range of wavelengths, omnidirectionally and that use the absorbed radiation to enhance the catalysis conversion of reactant chemicals to product chemicals of interest via the patterning of subwavelength metamaterial elements as a surface, or colloidal clusters of subwavelength particles as a suspension. The arrangements, dimensions, materials and geometries of the unit elements of the meta-surface or colloidal clusters may be selected to produce an effective refractive index lower than that of the refractive index of the comprising materials, such that the effective index approaches the index of the surrounding medium. Impedance matching, plasmonic modes between the metamaterial elements or cluster nanoparticles, ohmic material losses, and bandgap absorption may be combined to achieve broadband near-unity absorption and/or modulated thermal emission bands, enhancing the catalysis rates of gas, liquid and multi-phase chemical reactions.

An image projection apparatus includes: a light source; an image display element including multiple micromirrors arranged in two dimensions, the multiple micromirrors forming an image display plane, each micromirror having a reflecting surface; and a projection optical system. Conditional expressions (1) and (2) below are satisfied:
θ1≥14(deg)  (1)
1.2<BF/L<2.2  (2) where θ1 is a maximum tilt angle of the reflecting surface of each micromirror with respect to the image display plane, L is a diagonal length of the image display plane, and BF is a distance between a vertex of a lens within the projection optical system and closest to the image display plane and the image display plane along an optical axis of the projection optical system.

An active display can be used in a theatre with reduced screen-door effect. For example, the active display can have a structure, such as a diffuser structure, or a diffuser and mask structure, that can have, or appear to have, transmissive areas and opaque areas to reduce the audience from detecting gaps or other non-light sources in the active display. The active display may additionally or alternatively have audio ports to allow sound to pass through the active display and appear to the audience as if the sound is coming from the active display.

An imaging optical element set has an optical axis, and includes an object-side lens element, an image-side lens element and a light blocking sheet. The light blocking sheet is interposed between the object-side lens element and the image-side lens element, and includes an object-side outer surface, an image-side outer surface, an outer diameter portion, an inner diameter portion and a height compensation structure. The image-side outer surface is opposite to the object-side outer surface. The outer diameter portion has an outer diameter surface connected to the object-side outer surface and the image-side outer surface. The inner diameter portion has an inner diameter surface connected to the object-side outer surface and the image-side outer surface. The height compensation structure is in full circle form, and is for adjusting a height difference between the inner diameter surface and the outer diameter surface along a direction parallel to the optical axis.

A process is provided for imaging a surface of a specimen with an imaging system that employs a BD objective having a darkfield channel and a bright field channel, the BD objective having a circumference. The specimen is obliquely illuminated through the darkfield channel with a first arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen through a first arc of the circumference. The first arced illuminating light reflecting off of the surface of the specimen is recorded as a first image of the specimen from the first arced illuminating light reflecting off the surface of the specimen, and a processor generates a 3D topography of the specimen by processing the first image through a topographical imaging technique. Imaging apparatus is also provided as are further process steps for other embodiments.

An illumination apparatus includes a light source, an optical member, and an integrator. The optical member is rotatable around a rotation axis AR. A planar shape of the optical member is annular around the rotation axis AR. A first surface of the optical member is provided with a recessed and protruding portion. Multiple recessed and protruding structure units are consecutively formed on the optical member . Adjacent recessed and protruding structure units are in a mirror symmetry relation, and the recessed and protruding portions of the adjacent recessed and protruding structure units are smoothly connected together. Recessed portions and protruding portions of the recessed and protruding portion of each recessed and protruding structure unit are smoothly connected together. An area occupied by the recessed and protruding portion of each recessed and protruding structure unit is larger in size than incident light from the light surface.

A metal layer includes a protrusion-and-recess shaped object, in which the protrusion-and-recess shaped object is characterized in that a second protrusion-and-recess structure is disposed on a first protrusion-and-recess structure.