A relativistic vacuum diode (RVD) for extreme focusing of an electron beam is provided. The RVD may include an axisymmetric current-conducting vacuum chamber equipped with a demountable hatch for access into its cavity; an axisymmetric electrode assembly fixed in operative position in the central zone of the vacuum chamber. It additionally includes a plasma cathode composed of a thin central current-conducting rod and wide dielectric end element, and anode-enhancer shaped as a rod, one butt-end of which serves as a target for an electron beam. The target cross-section area is smaller, than the emitting area of said cathode's wide dielectric end element. Finally, a short-circuiter of reverse current is included in an earthed circuit of the anode-enhancer that surrounds said electrode assembly concentrically with radial clearance.

A method for generating electrical energy, comprising the steps of providing a fusion fuel (1), the fusion fuel (1) being held in a magnetic field within a cylindrical reaction chamber (2), initiating nuclear fusion in the fusion fuel (1), in which a fusion flame is produced by fusion laser pulses (4) having a pulse duration of less than 10 ps and a power of more than 1 petawatt, and converting the energy that is released during the nuclear fusion from the nuclei that are produced into power plant power, wherein the magnetic field has a field strength which is greater than or equal to 1 kilotesla and the nuclear fusion has an energy yield of more than 500 per laser energy of the fusion laser pulses (4) that produce the fusion flame. Also described is a nuclear fusion reactor which is configured for generating electrical energy.

The disclosed embodiments relate to ion delivery mechanisms, e.g., for fusion power. Particularly, some embodiments relate to systems and methods for delivering ions to a fuel source in such a manner to initiate fast ignition. The ions may be accumulated into microbunches and delivered to the fuel with considerable energy and velocity. The impact may compress the fuel while delivering sufficient energy to begin the fusion reaction.

A method and apparatus according to the method for producing nuclear energy comprising a container (13) converting the material into a second with atomic reaction and transforming it into a reaction product comprising heat, particles, neutrino and/or electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic radiation (2) relevant to material under the nuclear reaction transferring a single quantum maximum energy of 500 electron volts the radiation clement (12) for transferring energy to the material to be transformed that the targeting of the reaction products of the container to the radiation element is controlled by separating the container and the radiation element from each other. More than 1 nm sized microstructural (5) storage modes are used generating a coherent electromagnetic emission pulse (8) emitted by exciton polaritons vibration forms (7) for achive nuclear reactions to the necessary energy levels. A heat-utilizing apparatus such as a thermal power engine or thermoelectric generator, a radiation-utilizing apparatus, a apparatus for moving the object, and an industrial or power plant utilizing a method or a apparatus according to the method.

An exothermic reaction of hydrogen/deuterium loaded into a metal or alloy is triggered by controlling the frequency of a hydrogen/deuterium plasma in a reaction chamber. The plasma frequency is controlled by adjusting its electron density, which in turn is controlled by adjusting the pressure within the reaction chamber. An exothermic reaction is generated at certain discrete plasma frequencies, which correspond to the optical phonon modes of D-D, H-D, and HH bonds within the metal lattice. For example, in palladium metal, the frequencies are 8.5 THz, 15 THz, and 20 THz, respectively.

An exothermic reaction of hydrogen/deuterium loaded into a metal or alloy is triggered by controlling the frequency of a hydrogen/deuterium plasma in a reaction chamber. The plasma frequency is controlled by adjusting its electron density, which in turn is controlled by adjusting the pressure within the reaction chamber. An exothermic reaction is generated at certain discrete plasma frequencies, which correspond to the optical phonon modes of D-D, H-D, and HH bonds within the metal lattice. For example, in palladium metal, the frequencies are 8.5 THz, 15 THz, and 20 THz, respectively.

A device for continuously generating high intensity neutrons is provided. The device includes a differential vacuum system, a throttle pipe, a linear target tube and a solid target device arranged in sequence along a moving direction of a beam. The beam and a gaseous medium react in the linear target tube, and the beam and a solid medium react in the solid target device. Two ends of an inner cavity of the linear target tube are hermetically connected to the throttle pipe and a chamber of the solid target device, respectively.

An exothermic reaction assembly includes a reaction chamber and a generator operative to generate an AC electrical signal and apply the signal to the reaction chamber by superimposing the AC signal over a DC signal. A gas manifold and controller is operative to connect a vacuum pump and one or more gas chambers to the reaction chamber and to control a pressure of the reaction chamber. The signal generator is operative to create a plasma in the reaction chamber by superimposing the AC electrical signal to the reaction chamber over the DC signal. The gas manifold and controller are operative to adjust the pressure within the reaction chamber to achieve a predetermined plasma frequency.

An exothermic reaction assembly includes a reaction chamber and a generator operative to generate an AC electrical signal and apply the signal to the reaction chamber by superimposing the AC signal over a DC signal. A gas manifold and controller is operative to connect a vacuum pump and one or more gas chambers to the reaction chamber and to control a pressure of the reaction chamber. The signal generator is operative to create a plasma in the reaction chamber by superimposing the AC electrical signal to the reaction chamber over the DC signal. The gas manifold and controller are operative to adjust the pressure within the reaction chamber to achieve a predetermined plasma frequency.

Systems and methods are disclosed herein relating to fusion reactors for fusing particles via multiple periodic collisions. A fusion reactor may include a first evacuated region, such as a chamber, with a plurality of charged particles therein. A uniform magnetic field may be applied to the region to radially confine moving charged particles within the region by inducing circular trajectories. Upper and lower electrodes may be positioned on ends of the region to axially confine charged particles within the region. An energizing beam may be pulsed at a cyclotron frequency corresponding to the mass and charge of the particles to cause oscillating periodic collisions of the particles along the beam path as the particles travel in the circular trajectories with increased velocity after each pulse of the energizing beam.