A method is for manufacturing a radiation window for an X-ray measurement apparatus. The method includes producing an etch stop layer on a surface of a carrier and producing a foil structure on a side of the etch stop layer opposite the carrier. A combined structure with the etch stop layer and the foil structure is attached to a region around an opening in a housing of the X-ray measurement apparatus with the foil structure facing the housing so that an edge strengthening structure is arranged between the combined structure and an edge region around the opening in the housing or partly inside the foil structure. At least part of the carrier is detached before attaching the combined structure or detaching at least part of the carrier after attaching the combined structure, wherein the combined structure includes the carrier. A radiation window is for an X-ray measurement apparatus.

An optical trap for laser cooling and trapping atoms. Three pairs of laser beams are directed to cross in a vacuum chamber at a common intersection volume, wherein each pair is formed by two counterpropagating beams. Rather than having a mutually orthogonal arrangement in which each beam pair forms an angle χ of 45° to a reference axis, z, these angles are instead between 5°≤χ≤40°. Moreover, in each beam pair, the counterpropagating beams are not precisely aligned in a common path, as in a conventional magneto-optical trap, but are slightly misaligned by respective misalignment angles [α, β, κ] of typically 0.1° to 2°. The misalignment angles and beam widths are however selected so that a common intersection volume for all six beams is maintained. This provides an all-optical trap in which laser cooling and trapping of atoms takes place without a magnetic field being present.

A method of performing a computation using a quantum computer includes generating a first laser pulse and a second laser pulse to cause entanglement interaction between a first trapped ion and a second trapped ion of a plurality of trapped ions that are aligned in a first direction, each of the plurality of trapped ions having two frequency-separated states defining a qubit, and applying the generated first laser pulse to the first trapped ion and the generated second laser pulse to the second trapped ion. Generating the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse includes stabilizing the entanglement interaction between the first and second trapped ions against fluctuations in frequencies of collective motional modes of the plurality of trapped ions in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction.

An optical resonator device (100) with crossed cavities, in particular being configured for optically trapping atoms, comprises a first linear optical resonator (10) extending between first resonator mirrors (11A, 11B) along a first resonator light path (12) and supporting a first resonator mode, a second linear optical resonator (20) extending between second resonator mirrors (21A, 21B) along a second resonator light path (22) and supporting a second resonator mode, wherein the first and second resonator light paths (12, 22) span a main resonator plane, and a carrier device carrying the first and second resonator mirrors (11A, 11B, 21A, 21B), wherein the first and second resonator mirrors (11, 21) are arranged such that the first and second resonator modes cross each other for providing an optical lattice trap (1) in the main resonator plane. The carrier device comprises a monolithic spacer body (30) being made of an ultra-low-expansion material and comprising first carrier surfaces (31) accommodating the first resonator mirrors (11A, 11B) and second carrier surfaces (32) accommodating the second resonator mirrors (21A, 21B), wherein the first resonator light path (12) extends through a first spacer body bore (33) in the spacer body (30) between the first carrier surfaces (31), and the second resonator light path (22) extends through a second spacer body bore (34) in the spacer body (30) between the second carrier surfaces (32). Furthermore, an atom trapping method for creating a two-dimensional arrangement of atoms and an atom trap apparatus, like an optical atomic clock, a quantum simulation and/or a quantum computing device are described.

A method of performing simultaneous entangling gate operations in a trapped-ion quantum computer includes selecting a gate duration value and a detuning frequency of pulses to be individually applied to a plurality of participating ions in a chain of trapped ions to simultaneously entangle a plurality of pairs of ions among the plurality of participating ions by one or more predetermined values of entanglement interaction, determining amplitudes of the pulses, based on the selected gate duration value, the selected detuning frequency, and the frequencies of the motional modes of the chain of trapped ions, generating the pulses having the determined amplitudes, and applying the generated pulses to the plurality of participating ions for the selected gate duration value. Each of the trapped ions in the chain has two frequency-separated states defining a qubit, and motional modes of the chain of trapped ions each have a distinct frequency.

A method of performing a computation using a quantum computer includes generating a plurality of laser pulses used to be individually applied to each of a plurality of trapped ions that are aligned in a first direction, each of the trapped ions having two frequency-separated states defining a qubit, and applying the generated plurality of laser pulses to the plurality of trapped ions to perform simultaneous pair-wise entangling gate operations on the plurality of trapped ions. Generating the plurality of laser pulses includes adjusting an amplitude value and a detuning frequency value of each of the plurality of laser pulses based on values of pair-wise entanglement interaction in the plurality of trapped ions that is to be caused by the plurality of laser pulses.

Systems and methods relate to arranging atoms into 1D and/or 2D arrays; exciting the atoms into Rydberg states and evolving the array of atoms, for example, using laser manipulation techniques and high-fidelity laser systems described herein; and observing the resulting final state. In addition, refinements can be made, such as providing high fidelity and coherent control of the assembled array of atoms. Exemplary problems can be solved using the systems and methods for arrangement and control of atoms.

There is disclosed a vehicle and a method for propelling the vehicle comprising a propulsion arrangement. The propulsion arrangement includes a chamber arrangement that is configured to store antimatter therein by using magnetic and/or electrostatic fields. The chamber arrangement and a centre of gravity of the vehicle are positioned at a relative distance from each other to form a matter-antimatter dipole when in operation. The matter-antimatter dipole provides a propulsion force to the vehicle. Optionally, the vehicle is a space vehicle (namely a spacecraft, a satellite or similar).

There is disclosed a vehicle and a method for propelling the vehicle comprising a propulsion arrangement. The propulsion arrangement includes a chamber arrangement that is configured to store antimatter therein by using magnetic and/or electrostatic fields. The chamber arrangement and a centre of gravity of the vehicle are positioned at a relative distance from each other to form a matter-antimatter dipole when in operation. The matter-antimatter dipole provides a propulsion force to the vehicle. Optionally, the vehicle is a space vehicle (namely a spacecraft, a satellite or similar).

A method of performing simultaneous entangling gate operations in a trapped-ion quantum computer includes selecting a gate duration value and a detuning frequency of pulses to be individually applied to a plurality of participating ions in a chain of trapped ions to simultaneously entangle a plurality of pairs of ions among the plurality of participating ions by one or more predetermined values of entanglement interaction, determining amplitudes of the pulses, based on the selected gate duration value, the selected detuning frequency, and the frequencies of the motional modes of the chain of trapped ions, generating the pulses having the determined amplitudes, and applying the generated pulses to the plurality of participating ions for the selected gate duration value. Each of the trapped ions in the chain has two frequency-separated states defining a qubit, and motional modes of the chain of trapped ions each have a distinct frequency.