This disclosure relates to a proton beam degrader and a cooling assembly. The proton beam degrader includes a degrader foil that is positioned within a path of a particle beam directed to strike a target. The degrader can include a plurality of fins positioned outside of a conduit within which the degrader foil is positioned to transfer heat away from the degrader foil and into a cooling channel formed in conjunction with the cooling assembly. The degrader foil can have chamfered corners to further improve heat transfer. The degrader foil can include at least one aperture to aid in forming a vacuum condition across the degrader foil. In some examples, where a target cannot operate in a vacuum environment, the degrader can include a degrader foil devoid of any apertures.

This disclosure relates to a proton beam degrader and a cooling assembly. The proton beam degrader includes a degrader foil that is positioned within a path of a particle beam directed to strike a target. The degrader can include a plurality of fins positioned outside of a conduit within which the degrader foil is positioned to transfer heat away from the degrader foil and into a cooling channel formed in conjunction with the cooling assembly. The degrader foil can have chamfered corners to further improve heat transfer. The degrader foil can include at least one aperture to aid in forming a vacuum condition across the degrader foil. In some examples, where a target cannot operate in a vacuum environment, the degrader can include a degrader foil devoid of any apertures.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy or sugary materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Examples of synchronized parallel tile computation techniques for large area lithography simulation are disclosed herein for solving tile boundary issues. An exemplary method for integrated circuit (IC) fabrication comprises receiving an IC design layout, partitioning the IC design layout into a plurality of tiles, performing a simulated imaging process on the plurality of tiles, generating a modified IC design layout by combining final synchronized image values from the plurality of tiles, and providing the modified IC design layout for fabricating a mask. Performing the simulated imaging process comprises executing a plurality of imaging steps on each of the plurality of tiles. Executing each of the plurality of imaging steps comprises synchronizing image values from the plurality of tiles via data exchange between neighboring tiles.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places inavicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places inavicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.

A nail lamp for curing UV-curable nail gel uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit ultraviolet light and are relatively lower power. The nail lamp is powered from an exterior power source, such as a wall socket, or by a rechargeable battery pack. A battery compartment of the nail lamp holds the battery pack, which is removable without disassembling the nail lamp. The nail lamp is easily transportable to different locations and can be used even when a wall socket is unavailable. A curing time of the nail lamp is user-selectable. The nail lamp can also include detection sensors to detect a person's hand or foot in a treatment chamber and automatically turn on or off the LEDs.

In order to provide a neutron therapy apparatus which give multi angles neutron beam irradiation, the neutron therapy apparatus includes: a beam shaping assembly including a moderator and a reflector surrounding the moderator, wherein the moderator moderates neutrons to a predetermined energy spectrum and the reflector guides deflected neutrons back to enhance the neutron intensity in the predetermined energy spectrum; a neutron generator embedded inside the beam shaping assembly, wherein the neutron generator generates neutrons after irradiated by an ion beam; at least a tube for transmitting the ion beam to the neutron generator, wherein the tube defines at least an axis; deflection magnets for changing the transmission direction of the ion beam; a collimator for concentrating neutrons; and an irradiation room for receiving a irradiated object, wherein the beam shaping assembly rotates around the axis of the tube.