Disclosed is an energy beam emission device including: an electron discharge unit having a long electron discharge part; a housing having a window from which energy beams are emitted on the basis of electrons discharged from the electron discharge part; and a unit accommodation part capable of accommodating the electron discharge unit. A plurality of positioning parts are provided between an outer surface of the electron discharge unit and an inner surface of the unit accommodation part, the positioning parts being slidably in contact with an outer surface of the electron discharge unit or an inner surface of the unit accommodation part and performing positioning of the electron discharge part with respect to the unit accommodation part.

Disclosed herein a liquid level detection device capable of appropriately detecting a liquid level of a high temperature plasma raw material in a reservoir for storing the high temperature plasma raw material. The liquid level detection device includes: an upper limit level sensor configured to detect that the liquid level of the tin is elevated from downward to reach an upper limit level; and a refilling level sensor configured to detect that the liquid level of the tin is lowered from upward to reach a refilling level or a lower limit level. A detection responsiveness of the liquid level of the upper limit level sensor is higher than the refilling level sensor or the lower limit level sensor, and a detectability of the liquid level of the refilling level sensor or the lower limit level sensor is higher than the upper limit level sensor.

Disclosed herein a liquid level detection device capable of appropriately detecting a liquid level of a high temperature plasma raw material in a reservoir for storing the high temperature plasma raw material. The liquid level detection device includes: an upper limit level sensor configured to detect that the liquid level of the tin is elevated from downward to reach an upper limit level; and a refilling level sensor configured to detect that the liquid level of the tin is lowered from upward to reach a refilling level or a lower limit level. A detection responsiveness of the liquid level of the upper limit level sensor is higher than the refilling level sensor or the lower limit level sensor, and a detectability of the liquid level of the refilling level sensor or the lower limit level sensor is higher than the upper limit level sensor.

A method for treating, preventing and/or reducing neurodegeneration in subjects with neurodegenerative disease, such as those neurodegenerative diseases that affect the eye, including glaucoma, using radiation, such as gamma radiation or X-ray radiation, either alone or together with a bone marrow transfer treatment. The method includes irradiating a targeted area of an animal, such as the eye region, with radiation, either alone or followed by injection with T-cell depleted bone marrow cells. Also a method for screening and/or selecting agents and/or treatment methods for inhibiting, treating and/or reducing neurodegeneration, particularly the neurodegeneration of the eye that occurs as a consequence of glaucoma.

Multi-layer sheets of graphene-based material having a plurality of pores extending therethrough are described herein. Methods for making the sheets include exposing a graphene-based material comprising multilayer graphene having from 5 to 20 layers of graphene to a particle beam having an ion energy of at least about 1500 eV to create damage tracks in the graphene sheets. The damage tracks in the graphene sheets are then exposed to a chemical etchant, such as an oxidant to define pores through the stacked graphene sheets. Production of the damage tracks and etching of the damage tracks can take place while the graphene is disposed on a substrate.

One object is to provide an electron beam sterilization apparatus for sterilizing a preform product (P) by applying an electron beam while conveying the preform product (P), the apparatus comprising: an input star wheel (21) configured to convey the preform product (P) in a circular path; and an outer-surface electron beam application device and an inner-surface electron beam application device configured to apply an electron beam to the preform product (P) being conveyed by the input star wheel (21). A blocking short tube (31) is provided on a lower surface of the star wheel plate (22) of the input star wheel (21) so as to block radioactive rays produced by application of the electron beam and surround a central axis (1v) of the input star wheel (21). The blocking short tube (31) includes a ventilation space (34) formed therein.

A beam current density distribution adjustment device is provided. The device includes member pairs in a long side direction of a ribbon beam, the member pairs adjusting a beam current density distribution in the long side direction of the ribbon beam by using an electric field or a magnetic field, members of each of the member pairs being disposed with the ribbon beam in-between the members. Opposing surfaces of the member pairs adjacent to each other in the long side direction of the ribbon beam are partially not parallel to a traveling direction of the ribbon beam.

A beam current density distribution adjustment device is provided. The device includes member pairs in a long side direction of a ribbon beam, the member pairs adjusting a beam current density distribution in the long side direction of the ribbon beam by using an electric field or a magnetic field, members of each of the member pairs being disposed with the ribbon beam in-between the members. Opposing surfaces of the member pairs adjacent to each other in the long side direction of the ribbon beam are partially not parallel to a traveling direction of the ribbon beam.

One object is to provide an electron beam sterilization apparatus including: an inner-surface sterilization chamber (5) including an inner-surface electron beam application device; and a blocking chamber (6) for receiving a preform product (P) from the inner-surface sterilization chamber (5) and blocking X-rays produced by application of the electron beam. The blocking chamber (6) includes an upstream opening (62) and a downstream opening (63) formed therein, the preform product (P) being received through the upstream opening (62) and transferred through the downstream opening (63). The blocking chamber (6) includes: a gripper (74) for gripping the preform product (P); a sterilized rotation table (71) for conveying the gripped preform product (P) in a circular path; and a blocking wall (81) not in contact with the sterilized rotation table (71) and configured to block the X-rays.

IR emission devices comprising an array of polaritonic IR emitters arranged on a substrate, where the emitters are coupled to a heater configured to provide heat to one or more of the emitters. When the emitters are heated, they produce an infrared emission that can be polarized and whose spectral emission range, emission wavelength, and/or emission linewidth can be tuned by the polaritonic material used to form the elements of the array and/or by the size and/or shape of the emitters. The IR emission can be modulated by the induction of a strain into a ferroelectric, a change in the crystalline phase of a phase change material and/or by quickly applying and dissipating heat applied to the polaritonic nanostructure. The IR emission can be designed to be hidden in the thermal background so that it can be observed only under the appropriate filtering and/or demodulation conditions.