A system and method for stress testing a sample, the system comprising a high-intensity laser unit and a target for laser-matter interaction, wherein the high-intensity laser unit delivers an intensity of at least 10.sup.13 W/cm.sup.2 on the target, and resulting laser-accelerated particles generated by the target irradiate the sample.

A system and method for stress testing a sample, the system comprising a high-intensity laser unit and a target for laser-matter interaction, wherein the high-intensity laser unit delivers an intensity of at least 10.sup.13 W/cm.sup.2 on the target, and resulting laser-accelerated particles generated by the target irradiate the sample.

A target is for generating X-ray radiation by way of loading with a particle stream containing charged particles. In an embodiment, the target includes a layer structure including at least two metallic layers. A target surface, loadable by the particle stream, is formed by a first layer of the at least two metallic layers of the layer structure including a material including a first metallic element. A second layer of the at least two metallic layers of the layer structure includes a material including a second metallic element. Finally, an ordinal number of the first metallic element is less than an ordinal number of the second metallic element.

A method includes selecting a group of wafers, each of the wafers having a resist pattern; selecting a group of fields for each of the wafers; selecting one or more points on each of the fields; measuring overlay errors on the resist pattern at locations associated with the one or more points selected on the respective wafers; and generating a combined overlay correction map based on measurements of the overlay errors on the wafers. At least one of the selecting of the group of wafers, the selecting of the group of fields, and the selecting of the one or more points is based on a computer-generated model.

A method includes selecting a group of wafers, each of the wafers having a resist pattern; selecting a group of fields for each of the wafers; selecting one or more points on each of the fields; measuring overlay errors on the resist pattern at locations associated with the one or more points selected on the respective wafers; and generating a combined overlay correction map based on measurements of the overlay errors on the wafers. At least one of the selecting of the group of wafers, the selecting of the group of fields, and the selecting of the one or more points is based on a computer-generated model.

A nail lamp for curing UV-curable nail gel uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit ultraviolet light and are relatively lower power. The nail lamp is powered from an exterior power source, such as a wall socket, or by a rechargeable battery pack. A battery compartment of the nail lamp holds the battery pack, which is removable without disassembling the nail lamp. The nail lamp is easily transportable to different locations and can be used even when a wall socket is unavailable. A curing time of the nail lamp is user-selectable. The nail lamp can also include detection sensors to detect a person's hand or foot in a treatment chamber and automatically turn on or off the LEDs.

The present invention is directed to mobile radiation systems and methods of use that comprise a mobile UVA irradiator including a power supply, a UVA lamp, a control and system indicator unit; a UV radiation blocker nest having an adaptor opening for receiving a hand-held irradiator when said irradiator is in a seated position in said nest; and a mobile carrier comprising a first compartment for housing said power supply, hand-held irradiator, said irradiator nest, wheels and said control unit. The nest may be configured to conform to the hand-held irradiator to block irradiation from the hand-held irradiator when it is energized and in its seated position. The mobile radiation device produced UVA radiation having peak radiation wavelength in a range of from 250 nm to 450 nm and can have a peak irradiation power in a range of from 0.5 W/cm.sup.2 to 10 W/cm.sup.2.

The present invention is directed to mobile radiation systems and methods of use that comprise a mobile UVA irradiator including a power supply, a UVA lamp, a control and system indicator unit; a UV radiation blocker nest having an adaptor opening for receiving a hand-held irradiator when said irradiator is in a seated position in said nest; and a mobile carrier comprising a first compartment for housing said power supply, hand-held irradiator, said irradiator nest, wheels and said control unit. The nest may be configured to conform to the hand-held irradiator to block irradiation from the hand-held irradiator when it is energized and in its seated position. The mobile radiation device produced UVA radiation having peak radiation wavelength in a range of from 250 nm to 450 nm and can have a peak irradiation power in a range of from 0.5 W/cm.sup.2 to 10 W/cm.sup.2.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.