An electrochemical reaction single cell including an electrolyte layer containing Zr and at least one of Y, Sc, and Ca, an anode disposed on one side of the electrolyte layer, a cathode containing Sr and Co and disposed on the other side of the electrolyte layer, and an intermediate layer disposed between the electrolyte layer and the cathode. The electrochemical reaction single cell exhibits an interface contact ratio of 25.5% to 68.6%, wherein the interface contact ratio is the ratio of the sum of the lengths of portions containing neither SrZrO.sub.3 nor cavities of an interfacial surface of the intermediate layer on the electrolyte layer side to the total length of the interfacial surface. Also disclosed is an electrochemical reaction cell stack including a plurality of electrochemical reaction single cells, at least one of which is the above described electrochemical reaction single cell.

A catalyst layer for a fuel cell electrode includes a metal carrying catalyst containing a carbon carrier and a metal catalyst carried on the carbon carrier, and an ionomer, wherein a volume of micropores having a diameter of 5 nm to 40 nm in micropores of the carbon carrier is 4.5 ml/g to 9.3 ml/g, and a weight ratio of the carbon carrier to the ionomer is 1:0.50 to 1:0.85. A fuel cell includes the catalyst layer for a fuel cell electrode.

A fuel cell stack includes: a cell stacked body in which a plurality of fuel cells are stacked in multiple layers; and an end plate by which the plurality of fuel cells are fastened, the end plate including an open end plate disposed at one end of the cell stacked body and a closed end plate disposed at another end of the cell stacked body, wherein the open end plate includes a gas inlet delivering a reactant gas supplied from an outside of the fuel cell stack to the cell stacked body, a gas outlet discharging the reactant gas having passed through the cell stacked body to the outside of the fuel cell stack, and a bypass channel connecting the gas inlet to the gas outlet to guide condensed water introduced to the gas inlet to the gas outlet, the bypass channel partially curved to allow the condensed water to be collected.

A thermo-electro-chemical converter direct heat to electricity engine has a monolithic co-sintered ceramic structure or a monolithic fused polymer structure that contains a working fluid within a continuous closed flow loop. The co-sintered ceramic or fused polymer structure includes a conduit system containing a heat exchanger, a first high density electrochemical cell stack, and a second high density electrochemical cell stack.

Methods for measuring and controlling the methanol concentration in a methanol fuel cell such as a direct methanol fuel cell or fuel cell stack are disclosed. Processors and memory storage containing programs which execute instructions to control the methanol concentration in the fuel cell or fuel cell stack are also disclosed.

A method of rebalancing electrolytes in a redox flow battery system comprises directing hydrogen gas generated on the negative side of the redox flow battery system to a catalyst surface, and fluidly contacting the hydrogen gas with an electrolyte comprising a metal ion at the catalyst surface, wherein the metal ion is chemically reduced by the hydrogen gas at the catalyst surface, and a state of charge of the electrolyte and pH of the electrolyte remain substantially balanced.

Flexible air-breathing microscale fuel cells are produced using ion exchange polymer membranes without silicon substrates or other rigid components. The microscale fuel cells provide long-life energy supply sources in portable electronics due to reduced volume, high energy density, and low cost. More particularly, the microscale fuel cell has a direct hydrogen flow-through porous anode electrode with a pair of air-breathing cathodes.

The invention relates to a distribution structure (10) for providing at least one reaction gas, in particular a gas mixture containing oxygen (O2), for a fuel cell (100) or an electrolyser, having a first structure element (11) and a second structure element (12), wherein the first structure element (11) and the second structure element (12) are designed and arranged with respect to one another such that: a distribution area (15) for the reaction gas is formed between the first structure element (11) and the second structure element (12); a plurality of feed channels (16) branch off from the distribution area (15) and are orientated substantially perpendicular to the distribution area (15); and a plurality of discharge channels (17) are formed below the second structure element (12) and are orientated parallel to the distribution area (15).

The present invention relates to a separator and a fuel cell stack comprising the same, and according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a separator comprising a plurality of channels including a bottom forming a flow space for a reaction gas to flow and a pair of sidewalls connected to the bottom, and a plurality of ribs provided so as to connect the sidewalls of two adjacent channels, wherein the sidewall of the channel is provided with a water storage part which is recessed inward and has a first inclined surface and a second inclined surface connected by a first angle.

A charger for charging an audio-device-accumulator of an audio device which is wearable on a head of a user and contains an interface for the transfer of electrical energy to the audio-device-accumulator. The charger contains an energy source configured as a hybrid battery for supplying the interface in a first charging mode. The hybrid battery contains a charger-accumulator and a fuel cell.