An air-cathode battery includes a porous cathode current collector with an air interface, an ionic liquid electrolyte disposed in pores of the porous cathode current collector; a metal anode, and a separator in contact with the ionic liquid electrolyte and coupled between the porous cathode current collector and the metal anode. The porous cathode current collector is an ionogel formed from a silica sol-gel or a carbonized resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogel and the pores are functionalized with a thiol group-containing species that is functionalized with one or more catalytic nanoparticles or the pores are electroplated with catalytic metal.

An electric storage device having a multilayer body in which a separator layer is provided between a positive or negative first electrode and a second electrode of the opposite polarity to the first electrode, an electrolyte, and a package that holds the multilayer body and the electrolyte, and includes at least two first-polarity compound sheets, each configured by integrating a first-polarity collector electrode, a first-polarity active material layer provided on one main surface of the first-polarity collector electrode, and a separator layer that covers at least part of the one main surface. Another main surface of the first-polarity collector electrode in one of the at least two first-polarity compound sheets and another main surface of the first-polarity collector electrode in another of the first-polarity compound sheets are opposed to each other and joined via a joining layer. The joining layer contains a high-polymer having imide coupling in its main chain.

An electric energy storage device comprises first and second conductor layers, and positive and negative electrodes. The first conductor layer has both surfaces coated with ionic or dipole material across entire surface thereof. The second conductor layer has both surfaces coated with ionic or dipole material across entire surface thereof. The positive electrode is attached to the first conductor layer. The negative electrode is attached to the second conductor. The stored electrical energy is discharged and output to the electrodes by using an external AC voltage in a predetermined frequency range as a trigger power.

Atmospheric plasma spray devices and methods are used in the making of the electrodes for both a lithium-ion battery and a lithium-ion utilizing capacitor structure, which are to be placed in a common container and infiltrated with a common lithium-ion transporting, liquid electrolyte. The lithium-ion-utilizing capacitor and lithium-ion cell battery are combined such that the respective electrodes may be electrically connected, either in series or parallel connection for in energy storage and management in an automotive vehicle or other electrical power supply application.

Electrodes are formed with a porous layer of particulate electrode material bonded to each of the two major sides of a compatible metal current collector. In one embodiment, opposing electrodes are formed with like lithium-ion battery anode materials or like cathode materials or capacitor materials on both sides of the current collector. In another embodiment, a battery electrode material is applied to one side of a current collector and capacitor material is applied to the other side. In general, the electrodes are formed by combining a suitable grouping of capacitor layers with un-equal numbers of anode and cathode battery layers. One or more pairs of opposing electrodes are assembled to provide a combination of battery and capacitor energy and power properties in a hybrid electrochemical cell. The cells may be formed by stacking or winding rolls of the opposing electrodes with interposed separators.

Lithium-utilizing electrochemical cells, providing battery and hybrid-capacitor activity, are formed of one or more lithium battery anodes, one or more lithium battery cathodes, and one or more positive-charge or negative-charge hybrid capacitor electrodes which are formed of a combination of capacitor particles with one of anode or cathode particles. The anode and cathodes are formed of porous layers of particles of anode or cathode material, bonded to each side of a current collector foil. The hybrid capacitor electrodes are formed of porous layers of capacitor particles, mixed or layered with anode or capacitor particles, bonded to each side of a current collector foil. The compositions of the hybrid capacitors are determined to balance the capacities of the electrodes in the lithium-ion electrochemical cell to intercalate or adsorb lithium cations and corresponding anions in the electrolyte infiltrating the pores of the electrode materials.

An electric energy storage device is provided, which includes first and second conductor layers, a plastic sheet, a quantum dot, and positive and negative electrodes. Each of the first and second conductor layers has both surfaces coated with ionic or dipole material. A bilayer comprises the first conductor and second conductor layers and sandwiched ionic material layer. A multilayer structure comprises millions of bilayers which are stacked together one by one. The positive electrode is attached to the first conductor layer and the negative electrode is attached to the last conductor layer. The first conductor layer is stacked on top of the second conductor layer with a nanometer-scale interval and with the ionic material layer inbetween, forming a bilayer structure and a quantum heterostructure. The first and second conductor layers form a bilayer configured to store electrical energy in the bilayer in a form of binding energy.

Provided herein are devices comprising one or more cells, and methods for fabrication thereof. The devices may be electrochemical devices. The devices may include three-dimensional supercapacitors. The devices may be microdevices such as, for example, microsupercapacitors. In some embodiments, the devices are three-dimensional hybrid microsupercapacitors. The devices may be configured for high voltage applications. In some embodiments, the devices are high voltage microsupercapacitors. In certain embodiments, the devices are high voltage asymmetric microsupercapacitors. In some embodiments, the devices are integrated microsupercapacitors for high voltage applications.

Provided herein are devices comprising one or more cells, and methods for fabrication thereof. The devices may be electrochemical devices. The devices may include three-dimensional supercapacitors. The devices may be microdevices such as, for example, microsupercapacitors. In some embodiments, the devices are three-dimensional hybrid microsupercapacitors. The devices may be configured for high voltage applications. In some embodiments, the devices are high voltage microsupercapacitors. In certain embodiments, the devices are high voltage asymmetric microsupercapacitors. In some embodiments, the devices are integrated microsupercapacitors for high voltage applications.

A system for discharging or charging a capacitor of a hybrid vehicle according to the present disclosure includes a target state of charge (SOC) module and a capacitor charge/discharge module. The target SOC module determines a target state of charge of the capacitor based on a speed of the vehicle. The capacitor charge/discharge module determines whether a state of charge of a capacitor is greater than a target state of charge. The capacitor charge/discharge module dissipates power from the capacitor to at least one of a battery of the vehicle and an electrical load of the vehicle when the state of charge of the capacitor is greater than the target state of charge.