An energy bank is provided that includes a plurality of integrated energy storage devices comprising a plurality of supercapacitors, a plurality of batteries and a plurality of metal shells. Each of the integrated energy storage devices comprises a supercapacitor, a battery surrounding the supercapacitor and a metal shell surrounding the battery. The battery forms a shell around an exterior surface of the supercapacitor. The battery includes a first anode, a first cathode, and an electrolyte disposed between the first anode and the first cathode. The supercapacitor includes a second anode, a second cathode, and a separator disposed between the second anode and the second cathode.

In the fuel cell vehicle provided with the motor and configured to drive the motor with power of at least one of the fuel cell 1 and the battery, the fuel cell having a DC voltage of less than 60 V is disposed in the rear portion of the vehicle and the battery is disposed in the front relative to the fuel cell.

An energy storage module (ESM) assembly, ESM and method of balancing current flow on a direct current bus are provided. The ESM assembly includes a bidirectional DC-DC converter, an ESM having first and second energy cell strings connected in parallel relative to one another and configured to be connected to respective inputs of the bidirectional DC-DC converter. The ESM is configured to absorb current from the bidirectional DC-DC converter when the bidirectional DC-DC converter is operated in a buck mode. The ESM is configured to source current to the bidirectional DC-DC converter when the bidirectional DC-DC converter is operated in a boost mode.

Systems and methods are disclosed for control schemes and intelligent battery selection for electric vehicles. In one embodiment, an example method may include determining a first charge level of a first battery system that is configured to power a homopolar generator, causing the first battery system to be charged by a power input source, and determining that a second charge level of the first battery system is greater than a first threshold value. Example methods may include causing the first battery system to power the homopolar generator, wherein the homopolar generator is configured to output charging current to a second battery system, causing the solid state relay to form a parallel connection between a first battery, a second battery, and the homopolar generator, directing a first charging current from the homopolar generator to the first battery, and directing a second charging current from the homopolar generator to the second battery.

Parasitic reactions, such as evolution of hydrogen at the negative electrode, can occur under the operating conditions of flow batteries and other electrochemical systems. Such parasitic reactions can undesirably impact operating performance by altering the pH and/or state of charge of one or both electrolyte solutions in a flow battery. Electrochemical balancing cells can allow adjustment of electrolyte solutions to take place. Electrochemical balancing cells suitable for placement in fluid communication with both electrolyte solutions of a flow battery can include: a first chamber containing a first electrode, a second chamber containing a second electrode, a third chamber disposed between the first chamber and the second chamber, a cation-selective membrane forming a first interface between the first chamber and the third chamber, and a bipolar membrane, a cation-selective membrane, or a membrane electrode assembly forming a second interface between the second chamber and the third chamber.

According to an example, a plurality of battery modules may be dimensioned to fit within a form factor.

Disclosed are an apparatus for transmitting power and a control method thereof. The apparatus includes a first main relay electrically controlling connection between a positive (+) terminal of a high voltage power source and a positive (+) terminal of a high voltage load, a second main relay electrically controlling connection between a negative (−) terminal of the high voltage power source and a negative (−) terminal of the high voltage load, a semiconductor switch connected in parallel to the first main relay, a reverse current preventer interposed between the semiconductor switch and the high voltage power source and preventing reverse current to the high voltage power source, a drive state measurer measuring a drive state of a power relay assembly, and a relay controller supplying or shutting off power to the high voltage load by operating the first and second main relays and the semiconductor switch in response to a relay enable signal from a battery controller and shutting off the power to the high voltage load upon determining that the drive state of the power relay assembly measured through the drive state measurer is abnormal or upon determining based on a vehicle state received from the battery controller that a vehicle is in an emergency state.

On a start of a fuel cell system, (i) when the temperature of a high-voltage secondary battery obtained from a temperature sensor is higher than a predetermined reference value, a controller of the fuel cell system is configured to set an output voltage on a step-down side of a DC-DC converter to a higher voltage than a voltage of a low-voltage secondary battery and subsequently start an FC auxiliary machine using electric power from the high-voltage secondary battery. (ii) When the temperature of the high-voltage secondary battery obtained from the temperature sensor is equal to or lower than the predetermined reference value, on the other hand, the controller of the fuel cell system is configured to set the output voltage on the step-down side of the DC-DC converter to a lower voltage than the voltage of the low-voltage secondary battery and subsequently start the FC auxiliary machine using the electric power from the high-voltage secondary battery.

A battery assembly includes at least one first cell unit of a first cell type and a first connection which is connected to a pole of the at least one first cell unit. The battery assembly also includes at least one second cell unit of a second cell type. The at least one second cell unit is different from the at least one first cell unit. The battery assembly also includes a second connection which is connected to a pole of the at least one second cell unit.

A battery assembly includes at least one first cell unit of a first cell type and a first connection which is connected to a pole of the at least one first cell unit. The battery assembly also includes at least one second cell unit of a second cell type. The at least one second cell unit is different from the at least one first cell unit. The battery assembly also includes a second connection which is connected to a pole of the at least one second cell unit.