A structure for wireless communication having a plurality of conductor layers, an insulator layer separating each of the conductor layers, and at least one connector connecting two of the conductor layers wherein an electrical resistance is reduced when an electrical signal is induced in the resonator at a predetermined frequency. The structure is capable of transmitting or receiving electrical energy and/or data at various near and far field magnetic coupling frequencies.

A system for preventing magnetic saturation in a transformer cores. A magnetic flux sensor is disposed within a bore in the core in a bore drilled or let into the material of a toroidal transformer core. The sensor transmits a sensor output that is continuously received by a microprocessor that is programed to process the sensor output and to also continuously compare in real time the sensor output with a stored selectable maximum flux sensor output value. Responsive to the comparison of real-time sensor output value to the stored maximum value, the microprocessor either allows, during each driving voltage half-cycle, the driving voltage to continue unabated while the sensor output remains below the selectable maximum value, or triggers a gate to modify the driving voltage for the remainder of the half-cycle when the selectable maximum value is reached.

A system for preventing magnetic saturation in a transformer cores. A magnetic flux sensor is disposed within a bore in the core in a bore drilled or let into the material of a toroidal transformer core. The sensor transmits a sensor output that is continuously received by a microprocessor that is programed to process the sensor output and to also continuously compare in real time the sensor output with a stored selectable maximum flux sensor output value. Responsive to the comparison of real-time sensor output value to the stored maximum value, the microprocessor either allows, during each driving voltage half-cycle, the driving voltage to continue unabated while the sensor output remains below the selectable maximum value, or triggers a gate to modify the driving voltage for the remainder of the half-cycle when the selectable maximum value is reached.

A structure and method of operating an optical step-up transformer are described. The optical step-up transformer has at least one photodiode and at least one photoreceiver. The photoreceiver receives light emitted from the photodiode and generates a voltage proportional to the number of series-connected photoreceivers. The photodiode and photoreceiver may be electrically isolated or may share a common anode or cathode. The voltage applied to the photodiode may be a DC or PWM signal.

A test device is configured for testing a specimen which has an inductor. The test device includes a controllable unit for reducing a current intensity of a current flowing in the inductor.

A sample cooling device for histological samples is connectable to a power network for supplying electrical voltage to the device. The sample cooling device comprises a measuring apparatus for measuring a magnitude of an input line voltage present at the sample cooling device, and a transformer having a primary coil that comprises at least three coil pickoffs, and a secondary coil. The sample cooling device further comprises a switching means that connects two of the coil pickoffs to the power network as a function of the magnitude of the input line voltage, so that a magnitude of an output voltage present at the secondary coil has a predefined or predefinable voltage value irrespective of the magnitude of the input voltage. A corresponding method for supplying electrical power to a sample cooling device for histological samples is also disclosed.

A sample cooling device for histological samples is connectable to a power network for supplying electrical voltage to the device. The sample cooling device comprises a measuring apparatus for measuring a magnitude of an input line voltage present at the sample cooling device, and a transformer having a primary coil that comprises at least three coil pickoffs, and a secondary coil. The sample cooling device further comprises a switching means that connects two of the coil pickoffs to the power network as a function of the magnitude of the input line voltage, so that a magnitude of an output voltage present at the secondary coil has a predefined or predefinable voltage value irrespective of the magnitude of the input voltage. A corresponding method for supplying electrical power to a sample cooling device for histological samples is also disclosed.

A deviation compensation method of a potential transformer is provided. The deviation compensation method includes: detecting an output voltage value of a first potential transformer; checking a compensation value applied to the first potential transformer; compensating for the output voltage value based on the compensation value to measure an actual voltage value for a location at which the first potential transformer is installed; verifying the validity of the measured actual voltage value; and resetting a deviation compensator measuring the actual voltage value according to a result of verification on the validity of the actual voltage value.

A deviation compensation method of a potential transformer is provided. The deviation compensation method includes: detecting an output voltage value of a first potential transformer; checking a compensation value applied to the first potential transformer; compensating for the output voltage value based on the compensation value to measure an actual voltage value for a location at which the first potential transformer is installed; verifying the validity of the measured actual voltage value; and resetting a deviation compensator measuring the actual voltage value according to a result of verification on the validity of the actual voltage value.

A device and method(s) for implementing an AC line-powered primary-tap switching power supply which is easily or automatically switchable between a first configuration which supports a first input voltage, e.g., a 120 VAC input voltage, and a second configuration which supports a second input voltage, e.g., a 240 VAC input voltage, which is an integer multiple of the first input voltage, is described.