Routines and methods disclosed herein can increase a power efficiency of a prosthetic hand without drastically reducing the speed at which it operates. A prosthesis can implement an acceleration profile, which can reduce an energy consumption of a motor, or an amount of electrical and/or mechanical noise produced by a motor, as the motor as the motor transitions from an idle state to a non-idle state. A prosthesis can implement a deceleration profile, which can reduce the energy consumption of the motor, or an amount of electrical and/or mechanical noise produced by a motor, as the motor transitions from a non-idle state to an idle state.

Routines and methods disclosed herein can increase a power efficiency of a prosthetic hand without drastically reducing the speed at which it operates. A prosthesis can implement an acceleration profile, which can reduce an energy consumption of a motor, or an amount of electrical and/or mechanical noise produced by a motor, as the motor as the motor transitions from an idle state to a non-idle state. A prosthesis can implement a deceleration profile, which can reduce the energy consumption of the motor, or an amount of electrical and/or mechanical noise produced by a motor, as the motor transitions from a non-idle state to an idle state.

Some embodiments are directed to a method for estimating a periodic or substantially periodic force present in a mechanical or electromechanical system, the method comprising: estimating, by a processing device, one or more harmonic frequencies of an acceleration signal representing an acceleration in the system, the substantially periodic force contributing to said acceleration; and estimating, by the processing device, the force on the basis of a dynamic model of the system, the dynamic model being defined by said one or more estimated harmonic frequencies.

Some embodiments are directed to a method for estimating a periodic or substantially periodic force present in a mechanical or electromechanical system, the method comprising: estimating, by a processing device, one or more harmonic frequencies of an acceleration signal representing an acceleration in the system, the substantially periodic force contributing to said acceleration; and estimating, by the processing device, the force on the basis of a dynamic model of the system, the dynamic model being defined by said one or more estimated harmonic frequencies.

A motor driving system includes motor driving circuitry configured to operate an electric motor. The system further includes a controller that is configured to send a signal to energize the electric motor and to measure a back electromotive force voltage of the electric motor. The controller is further configured to determine a temperature value based on the measured back electromotive force voltage using a back electromotive force voltage mapping that maps back electromotive force voltages to temperature values. The controller is further configured to determine an expected winding resistance value based on the determined temperature value using a resistance mapping that maps winding resistance values to temperature values. The controller is further configured to measure a winding resistance of the electric motor, to compare the measured winding resistance of the electric motor to the expected winding resistance value, and to output a match result indication based on the comparison.

An electrified vehicle electrical system includes, among other things, a contactor enclosure, and contactor contacts housed within the contactor enclosure. A resistor is housed within the contactor enclosure or is housed within a relay enclosure outside the contactor enclosure.

A motor controller is disclosed. The motor controller according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises a first electronic control unit which comprises a first substrate and a first connector having a first identification member and coupled to the first substrate and controls a motor, a second electronic control unit which comprises a second substrate and a second connector having a second identification member different from the first identification member and coupled to the second substrate and controls the motor, and a first heat radiation member of which one surface is coupled to the first electronic control unit and the other surface is coupled to the second electronic control unit, and which comprises a first interference member formed at a position at which the first interference member is not interfered with by the first identification member but is interfered with by the second identification member such that the one surface is not coupled to the second electronic control unit and has a plate shape.

An electric working machine in one aspect of the present disclosure includes an output shaft, a motor, a housing, an acceleration detector, a twisted motion detector, a reference level changer, and a motor controller. The acceleration detector detects an acceleration of the housing in a circumferential direction of the output shaft. The twisted motion detector detects a twisted motion of the housing based on a reference level and the acceleration detected. The reference level determines that the housing is twisted. The reference level changer changes the reference level based on a rotating motion of the output shaft.

An example image forming apparatus includes a fan, a fan driver to drive the fan, a switching controller, and a processor to output a pulse width modulated (PWM) control signal to control the fan driver. The switching controller may include a smoothing circuit to receive the PWM control signal output from the processor and convert the PWM control signal to a direct current signal, a comparator to compare a value of the direct current signal with a reference value and output a switch control signal, and a switch to provide power to the fan driver based on the switch control signal output from the comparator.

An example image forming apparatus includes a fan, a fan driver to drive the fan, a switching controller, and a processor to output a pulse width modulated (PWM) control signal to control the fan driver. The switching controller may include a smoothing circuit to receive the PWM control signal output from the processor and convert the PWM control signal to a direct current signal, a comparator to compare a value of the direct current signal with a reference value and output a switch control signal, and a switch to provide power to the fan driver based on the switch control signal output from the comparator.