The system of the present invention includes a conductive element, an electronic component, and a partial power source in the form of dissimilar materials. Upon contact with a conducting fluid, a voltage potential is created and the power source is completed, which activates the system. The electronic component controls the conductance between the dissimilar materials to produce a unique current signature. The system can be used in a variety of different applications, including as components of ingestible identifiers, such as may be found in ingestible event markers, e.g., pharma-informatics enabled pharmaceutical compositions.

A low-computation underwater acoustic wake-up method based on a multi-carrier signal is provided. A multi-carrier signal corresponding to communication nodes is constructed, absolute values of the multi-carrier signal in a window at a receiver are summed for signal arrival detection, and then frequency points of the multi-carrier signal are detected many times by using the real fast Fourier transform to realize wake-up detection. The method is suitable for accurate wake-up at any distance within a maximum communication distance of two underwater acoustic nodes, has a small amount of calculation, and is suitable for low-power single-chip microcomputers. The modem can be in a low-power sleep state for a long time.

A low-computation underwater acoustic wake-up method based on a multi-carrier signal is provided. A multi-carrier signal corresponding to communication nodes is constructed, absolute values of the multi-carrier signal in a window at a receiver are summed for signal arrival detection, and then frequency points of the multi-carrier signal are detected many times by using the real fast Fourier transform to realize wake-up detection. The method is suitable for accurate wake-up at any distance within a maximum communication distance of two underwater acoustic nodes, has a small amount of calculation, and is suitable for low-power single-chip microcomputers. The modem can be in a low-power sleep state for a long time.

A power receiver (301a, 301b, 301c, 301d, 301e, 301f) is disclosed herein. In a specific embodiment the power receiver has a first electrode (300) arranged to be electrically coupled to a body (105) of a living being, the first electrode (300) operable to receive an electrical signal via the body; and a rectifier (307) for rectifying the electrical signal into a rectified electrical signal. The rectifier (307) includes a plurality of rectifier switches and operable in a bulk biasing mode in which first selected rectifier switches of the plurality of rectifier switches are forward bulk biased. A power transmitter (201), an energy transfer apparatus (100) and a method of transmitting electrical power are also disclosed.

Embodiments of this application provide communications methods and user equipments. A communications method disclosed herein comprises: obtaining, by a user equipment, at least one signal value that is generated based on contact between the user equipment and a human body, where the human body is also in contact with another user equipment; determining at least one transmission parameter at least according to the at least one signal value and a preset transmission parameter rule; and communicating with the another user equipment at least according to the at least one transmission parameter.

Embodiments of the present application provide interaction methods and user equipment. An interaction method disclosed here in comprises: determining, by a user equipment, information that needs to be sent to at least one other user equipment, wherein the at least one other user equipment and the user equipment are in contact with a same human body; determining at least one frequency corresponding to the information at least according to the information and a preset information rule; and controlling a capacitance value of the user equipment to change at the at least one frequency.

Provided is a capsule endoscope that includes a light source configured to emit light to an internal surface of an organ of a human body, an image sensor configured to use light reflected from the internal surface of the organ to generate image data, a processor configured to perform coding on the image data to generate coded data, and perform logical operation on the coded data and a binary code to generate final data, and a communication circuit configured to output the final data to an outside of the human body.

An edge portion which defines a planar shape has two long end sides (108a, 108b) which extend in parallel to each other, and two short end sides (107, 109) which have parallel portions extending in parallel to each other. The two long end sides and the two short end sides are reflection terminals. The parallel portion of the first short end side (107) includes a first portion (107a) and a second portion (107b). The positions of the antinodes of a first standing wave formed by a traveling wave directed toward the first portion (107a) and a reflected wave of the traveling wave and a second standing wave formed by a traveling wave directed toward the second portion (107b) and a reflected wave of the traveling wave in a direction substantially parallel to the long end sides (108a, 108b) are deviated by ¼ of the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave propagating through an electromagnetic wave transmission sheet.

An edge portion which defines a planar shape has two long end sides (108a, 108b) which extend in parallel to each other, and two short end sides (107, 109) which have parallel portions extending in parallel to each other. The two long end sides and the two short end sides are reflection terminals. The parallel portion of the first short end side (107) includes a first portion (107a) and a second portion (107b). The positions of the antinodes of a first standing wave formed by a traveling wave directed toward the first portion (107a) and a reflected wave of the traveling wave and a second standing wave formed by a traveling wave directed toward the second portion (107b) and a reflected wave of the traveling wave in a direction substantially parallel to the long end sides (108a, 108b) are deviated by ¼ of the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave propagating through an electromagnetic wave transmission sheet.

An aspect of the present disclosure is a biosensor information collection system S including: a biosensor terminal 1-N that is to be attached to a living body and outputs sensor information on the living body; a hub terminal 2 that is to be attached to the living body and collects the sensor information on the living body, the biosensor terminal 1-N and the hub terminal 2 performing communication therebetween near a surface of the living body, the hub terminal 2 including: a reception intensity determination unit 26 that determines whether a reception intensity from the biosensor terminal 1-N coincides with a predetermined intensity with an allowable margin or deviates from the predetermined intensity beyond the allowable margin; and a sensor information request unit 25 that requests the sensor information on the living body of the biosensor terminal 1-N when the reception intensity from the biosensor terminal 1-N coincides with the predetermined intensity with the allowable margin and suspends the request for the sensor information on the living body of the biosensor terminal 1-N when the reception intensity from the biosensor terminal 1-N deviates from the predetermined intensity beyond the allowable margin.