Disclosed is a method performed in a system comprising a first Body Area Network (BAN) enabled device and a second BAN enabled device, for performing secure payment at a payment counter by a user of the first and the second BAN enabled devices, the user wearing or carrying the first and the second BAN enabled devices; where the first and the second BAN enabled devices are paired for authorizing the user by the second BAN enabled device; the method comprises: establishing a connection between the payment counter and the first BAN enabled device; sending a BAN signal via BAN from the first BAN enabled device to the second BAN enabled device requiring confirmation from the second BAN enabled device that the second BAN enabled device is in contact with the user's body; receiving a confirmation BAN signal via BAN from the second BAN enabled device to the first BAN enabled device confirming that the second BAN enabled device is in contact with the user's body; receiving a request for payment from the payment counter in the first and/or second BAN enabled device; and confirming the requested payment in the first and/or second BAN enabled device.

According to various, but not necessarily all, embodiments there is provided an apparatus comprising means for: obtaining a propagation profile for wireless signals transmitted between at least two devices via a creeping wave along a user's skin; causing transmission of electromagnetic radiation towards a plurality of locations on a target user's body to obtain dielectric properties of their skin at the plurality of locations based on an amount of the electromagnetic radiation reflected from each location; determining whether the propagation profile correlates with a realizable creeping wave along the target user's skin, the realizability being based on the obtained dielectric properties of their skin; and forming an association between the target user and the at least two devices based on a strength of correlation between the propagation profile and a realizable creeping wave.

A method for use within a WBAN, the method comprising creating a motion profile and a corresponding channel quality profile and using the motion profile to determining preferable conditions for MAC communication within the WBAN.

Numerous aspects of communication devices, methods, and systems are described in this application. One aspect is an apparatus comprising an energy generator comprising: a plurality of generator elements operable to output a plurality of different energy types in a signal direction toward a physiologic tissue; a printed circuit board that mechanically supports and electrically connects the plurality of generator elements to each other; each generator element of the plurality of generator elements being independently operable, when the energy generator is positioned relative to the physiologic tissue, to communicate with different nerves associated with the physiologic tissue by outputting a different portion of an energy signal in the signal direction toward the physiologic tissue with one energy type of the plurality of different energy types.

In a general aspect, a portable electronic device can include a digital display including a first electrically conductive plane. The first electrically conductive plane can be configured to neutralize electromagnetic radiation produced by the digital display. The portable electronic device can also include a data transmission device configured to transmit data by intracorporeal current. The data transmission device can include a first electrode that is configured to be capacitively coupled with a body of a user and a second electrode that includes the first electrically conductive plane. The first electrically conductive plane can be electrically coupled with an electrical ground of the data transmission device. The portable electronic device can further include a printed circuit including a second electrically conductive plane. The second electrically conductive plane can be included in the second electrode of the data transmission device.

A method of associating wireless devices with a wireless medical body area network, MBAN, where the wireless MBAN comprises at least one host is provided. The method comprises activating the host to search for wireless devices in range; displaying a list on the host of available wireless devices in range, wherein displaying the list comprises displaying each wireless device on the list with a unique representation on the list and the same unique representation on the wireless device itself; selecting a wireless device on the list; and associating the selected wireless device on the list with the host.

[Object] To provide a device capable of implementing an extended association procedure that enables compatibility with the existing association procedures. [Solution] Provided is a device including: a determination unit configured to determine whether transmission timing of a first frame received from a communication terminal is a first timing in an intra-body communication system; and a timing decision unit configured to decide timing to transmit a second frame to the communication terminal on the basis of a determination result by the determination unit.

[Object] To provide a device capable of implementing an extended association procedure that enables compatibility with the existing association procedures. [Solution] Provided is a device including: a determination unit configured to determine whether transmission timing of a first frame received from a communication terminal is a first timing in an intra-body communication system; and a timing decision unit configured to decide timing to transmit a second frame to the communication terminal on the basis of a determination result by the determination unit.

Disclosed is a method for receiving data that can reduce intersymbol interference (ISI) and interlink interference (ILI) occurring in a MIMO molecular communication system. An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for receiving data at a receiver in a MIMO molecular communication system, where the method includes: determining an enzyme inhibitor discharge stopping timepoint by using the distance between the antennas of the transmitter and the distance between the transmitter and the receiver; discharging an enzyme inhibitor, which is configured to deactivate an enzyme that is distributed around the receiver, and receiving a molecule transmitted from the transmitter; and stopping the discharge of the enzyme inhibitor according to the enzyme inhibitor discharge stopping timepoint, and where the enzyme is reactive to the molecule.

A molecular communication system includes a plurality of molecular transmission nanomachines randomly located in a first space, a molecular reception nanomachine and a molecular transmission channel. The molecular reception nanomachine is located in the first space, and receives at least one information molecule representing first data from an l-th molecular transmission nanomachine to obtain the first data based on the at least one information molecule. The l-th molecular transmission nanomachine is l-th nearest to the molecular reception nanomachine. The molecular transmission channel provides a transmission path for the at least one information molecule moving in the first space based on an anomalous diffusion process. The plurality of molecular transmission nanomachines are scattered in the first space according to a stationary Cox process. A process of transmitting the at least one information molecule from the l-th molecular transmission nanomachine to the molecular reception nanomachine is modeled based on a stochastic nanonetwork.