The continuous demand for capacity and the limited available spectrum in wireless and wired communication has led to reliance on advanced modulation techniques to dramatically increase the number of bits per hertz per second. This demand in capacity and using the higher order constellations shorten the link range, and as a result, system gain becomes an important characteristic. The modulation techniques described here improve the system gain by, e.g., as much as 2.5 dB in high order modulations such as 4096-QAM. The modulation techniques include reducing the peak to average ratio and adding shaping gain. These techniques dramatically improve the system capacity, system gain, power consumption and system cost.

Various embodiments of the invention provide a buoy and system for monitoring divers and other underwater objects. In many embodiments, the buoy has capabilities to monitor a diver, obtain position information about the diver and use that information to move itself to an effective range for continued monitoring. The buoy can connect and communicate with a communication device attached to a diver to communicate, position, biometric and other data. In one embodiment, the buoy comprises a propulsion system for propelling the buoy, an acoustic communication module for communicating with the diver and a propulsion controller for controlling the propulsion system to move to the effective range. Other embodiments provide a power generation system using a power generating buoy comprising an inertial weight, an energy converter and a connecting linkage. The system may comprise a single or multiple buoys and can include an electrical storage such as an electrical battery.

Various embodiments of the invention provide a buoy and system for monitoring divers and other underwater objects. In many embodiments, the buoy has capabilities to monitor a diver, obtain position information about the diver and use that information to move itself to an effective range for continued monitoring. The buoy can connect and communicate with a communication device attached to a diver to communicate, position, biometric and other data. In one embodiment, the buoy comprises a propulsion system for propelling the buoy, an acoustic communication module for communicating with the diver and a propulsion controller for controlling the propulsion system to move to the effective range. Other embodiments provide a power generation system using a power generating buoy comprising an inertial weight, an energy converter and a connecting linkage. The system may comprise a single or multiple buoys and can include an electrical storage such as an electrical battery.

The continuous demand for capacity and the limited available spectrum in wireless and wired communication has led to reliance on advanced modulation techniques to dramatically increase the number of bits per hertz per second. This demand in capacity and using the higher order constellations shorten the link range, and as a result, system gain becomes an important characteristic. The modulation techniques described here improve the system gain by, e.g., as much as 2.5 dB in high order modulations such as 4096-QAM. The modulation techniques include reducing the peak to average ratio and adding shaping gain. These techniques dramatically improve the system capacity, system gain, power consumption and system cost.

The present invention is directed to data communication system and methods. More specifically, various embodiments of the present invention provide a communication interface that is configured to transfer data at high bandwidth using nDSQ format(s) over optical communication networks. In certain embodiments, the communication interface is used by various devices, such as spine switches and leaf switches, within a spine-leaf network architecture, which allows large amount of data to be shared among servers.

Disclosed is a variable coding method for realizing chip reuse, comprising the following steps: using at least two identical integrated circuit chips, wherein each integrated circuit chip executes different control logic truth tables according to different gating signals; introducing at least one logical control signal as a gating signal; and controlling the logical control signal, so that each integrated circuit chip respectively executes a corresponding control logic truth table. Also disclosed is a communication terminal using the variable coding method for realizing chip reuse. Two or more completely identical integrated circuit chips can be used to realize different logical control functions, thereby simplifying the type of a chip for realizing a system function, and greatly reducing the development costs of an integrated circuit system and the management complexity of a mass production supply chain.

The present invention is directed to data communication system and methods. More specifically, various embodiments of the present invention provide a communication interface that is configured to transfer data at high bandwidth using nDSQ format(s) over optical communication networks. In certain embodiments, the communication interface is used by various devices, such as spine switches and leaf switches, within a spine-leaf network architecture, which allows large amount of data to be shared among servers.

A detection device is provided with a holding body that holds a light-receiving module, an optical fiber pigtail, and a lens. The light-receiving module is provided with a light-receiving element and a stem that supports the light-receiving element. The lens collimates an input light from one end of an input fiber and guides a portion of the input light to the light-receiving element. The lens separates the input light into a transmitted light and a reflected light, guiding the transmitted light to the light-receiving element and guiding the reflected light to an output fiber. The light-receiving element has a center of a light-receiving surface thereof disposed in a position away from an axis of the stem.

A single stage transmitter that operates at high speed is configured to operate as a driver in write mode and a termination in read mode. The driver configuration includes two circuits. The first circuit includes a PMOS cross-coupled device and a PMOS cascode circuit. The second circuit includes a NMOS cross-coupled device and a NMOS cascode circuit. The PMOS cross-coupled device and the NMOS cross-coupled device is connected in series by alternating current (AC) coupling capacitors. The termination configuration includes a third circuit including MOSFET transmission gates and an inverter controlled by a termination mode enable signal. In write mode, the third circuit of the single stage transmitter is turned off and the first and second circuits are operational. In read mode, the first and second circuits of the single stage transmitter are inactive and the third circuit is operational.

A ship network communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention that enables data transmission and reception wirelessly in a ship regardless of the thickness of a bulkhead comprises: a first communication device, attached to a first bulkhead from among a plurality of bulkheads dividing a hull into a plurality of spaces, to receive transmission data transmitted from a transmitting terminal; and a second communication device, attached to a second bulkhead from among the bulkheads, to receive the transmission data from a first Ethernet communication module through near field communication and to transfer the received transmission data to a receiving terminal, wherein the first communication device and the second communication device perform near field communication using the first bulkhead and the second bulkhead as a communication medium.