A first network device for use in a blockchain network is described. The first network device comprises means for, while carrying out a first iteration of a consensus protocol involving a second node device (103), in response to a trigger event (3040), obtaining a time interval function of a time interval start trigger event (3040) and of a time interval end trigger event (3080), each event being linked to a message of the consensus protocol and wherein at least the end trigger event (3080) comprises receiving a message from the second node device; means for transmitting (3083) first data (Delay_102) representative of said time interval to said second node device; means for, during a subsequent iteration of said consensus protocol involving said second node device, receiving a message (3140) from said second node device, said message containing second data (DelayTX_102) representative of said time interval from said second node device; means for authenticating said second node device as a function of said second data. A second network device, methods at the first and second network devices and a computer readable medium with code for carrying out the methods are also described.

An instructing computing device (210) is disclosed that is operable to implement a 5Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). The computing device comprises processing circuitry configured to send a first message (211) to a target computing device (220), which comprises a first message identifier and store a record (212) of the first message in a memory. The processing circuitry is further configured to receive a second message (223) from the target computing device, the second message confirming that 0the target computing device has received the first message, wherein the first message is configured to cause the target computing device to store a record (222) of the first message.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for improved interoperable data management between a user-accessed software application and an embedded software application. In some contexts, a user-accessed application provides both its own functionality as well as enabling access to functionality of an embedded application. The embedded application is accessed via a data-driven connection that provides several technical advantages and addresses various data interoperability and persistence problems. In some embodiments, a user-accessed application may be configured to provide functionality of multiple embedded applications consistent with the innovations herein described.

A packet processing technique can include receiving a packet, and parsing the packet based on a protocol field to generate a parse result vector. The parse result vector is used to select between forwarding the packet to a virtual machine executing on a host processing integrated circuit, forwarding the packet to a physical media access controller, multicasting the packet to multiple virtual machines executing on the host processing integrated circuit, and sending the packet to a hypervisor.

Provided are an information transmission method and apparatus, an information processing method and apparatus, a terminal, a network element, and a storage medium. The information transmission method includes encapsulating non-access stratum (NAS) information and access resource (AS) parameter information in a vendor-specific protocol (VSP) packet, where the NAS information includes NAS system information and NAS customization information, and the AS parameter information is used for wired side resource negotiation; encapsulating establishment signaling of a wired access network control plane channel in a vendor-specific network control protocol (VSNCP) packet; and transmitting, through the VSP packet and the VSNCP packet, the NAS information and the AS parameter information.

Various techniques can include accessing a master tree that was generated using a plurality of protocol definitions. The plurality of protocol definitions can identifies an ordered set of actions and specifies, for each sequential pair of actions in the ordered set of actions, an action-advancement condition that identifies a criterion for advancing across the sequential pair of actions in the ordered set of actions so as to trigger a later of the sequential pair of actions. A master tree includes a set of dynamic nodes and a set of static nodes. The technique can include accessing a partial protocol definition that includes at least one action. The technique can include generating an auto-completion of the partial protocol definition using the master tree, at least some of the dynamic-node weights, and at least some of the static-node weights. The technique can output a representation of an auto-completed protocol definition.

This control system is provided with a controller, a controller which is a loopback communication device, a first communication route, and a second communication route. The controller generates and transmits control frames to slave devices. The controller performs loopback communication of the control frames. In the first communication route, multiple slave devices are connected between the controller and the controller using communication cables. In the second communication route, the first controller and the second controller are connected over a communication cable.

The present disclosure relates to a communication technique for converging IoT technology with a 5G communication system for supporting a higher data transfer rate beyond a 4G system, and a system therefor. The present disclosure can be applied to intelligent services (e.g., smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, smart or connected cars, health care, digital education, retail business, and services associated with security and safety) on the basis of 5G communication technology and IoT-related technology. Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for configuring an efficient hierarchical layer 2 architecture and main functions thereof in a next-generation mobile communication system.

The present disclosure relates to a communication technique for converging IoT technology with a 5G communication system for supporting a higher data transfer rate beyond a 4G system, and a system therefor. The present disclosure can be applied to intelligent services (e.g., smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, smart or connected cars, health care, digital education, retail business, and services associated with security and safety) on the basis of 5G communication technology and IoT-related technology. Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for configuring an efficient hierarchical layer 2 architecture and main functions thereof in a next-generation mobile communication system.

The invention relates to a computer-implemented method for exchanging information, through a DAG/Hashgraph consensus algorithm via a gossip protocol, the method includes making a first given node select a second given node randomly and send reference information; determining based on the reference information which node events are in front of that of the others; if the reference information implies that the events of the first given node is in front of that of the second given node, then sending a cancellation information to the first given node, preventing, in consequence, the first given node from sending DAG-event information to the second given node; if the reference information implies that the events of the second given node is in front of that of the first given node, then making the first given node send DAG-event information to the second given node; and soon through the network.