An access network for communication with a wireless device (100), the access network comprising a plurality of antennas each configured to provide a cell for radio frequency communication with the wireless device, and a plurality of sets of optical elements (40) configured for optical communication with the wireless device (100). The access network comprises a processor and a memory, said memory containing instructions executable by said processor whereby said apparatus is operative to connect to the wireless device with both the radio frequency communication and optical communication, and connect to the wireless device with the radio frequency communication at least in a downlink direction, and connect to the wireless device with the optical communication at least in an uplink direction.

An access network for communication with a wireless device (100), the access network comprising a plurality of antennas each configured to provide a cell for radio frequency communication with the wireless device, and a plurality of sets of optical elements (40) configured for optical communication with the wireless device (100). The access network comprises a processor and a memory, said memory containing instructions executable by said processor whereby said apparatus is operative to connect to the wireless device with both the radio frequency communication and optical communication, and connect to the wireless device with the radio frequency communication at least in a downlink direction, and connect to the wireless device with the optical communication at least in an uplink direction.

A signal measurement method and apparatus, and a communication device and a storage medium are provided. The method includes that a first communication device receives, via a first type of network, a measurement result, sent by a second communication device, for a second type of network.

A beam measurement method is provided. A terminal obtains beam measurement result reporting configuration of a neighbor cell, and determines a reference signal configuration of beam measurement of the neighbor cell. The terminal performs the beam measurement on the reference signal of the neighbor cell based on the reference signal configuration of the beam measurement. The terminal reports a beam measurement result of the neighbor cell.

Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for mobility failure evidence-related operations. A UE may measure, record, and report a channel access waiting (CAW) time period that elapsed from having a handover-related message in a transmission buffer until a channel for transmission of the handover-related message was obtained or until an acknowledgement or negative acknowledgement from a receiver of the handover-related message was received. The CAW time period information may be provided to a network node, and the network node may control mobility robustness optimization based on the received information.

Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for mobility failure evidence-related operations. A UE may measure, record, and report a channel access waiting (CAW) time period that elapsed from having a handover-related message in a transmission buffer until a channel for transmission of the handover-related message was obtained or until an acknowledgement or negative acknowledgement from a receiver of the handover-related message was received. The CAW time period information may be provided to a network node, and the network node may control mobility robustness optimization based on the received information.

The present disclosure relates to a 5th generation (5G) or pre-5G communication system for supporting a higher data transfer rate beyond a 4th generation (4G) communication system, such as long-term evolution (LTE). According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a security method of a mobility management apparatus of a second system in a wireless environment may comprise the steps of: receiving a handover request for a terminal connected to a first system; transmitting the handover request to a base station of the second system; and receiving a handover ACK including security information generated by the base station of the second system and transmitting the same to the first system.

A user device having a security context with a first network based on a first key may establish a security context with a second network. In a method, the user device may generate a key identifier based on the first key and a network identifier of the second network. The user device may forward the key identifier to the second network for forwarding to the first network by the second network to enable the first network to identify the first key at the first network. The user device may receive a key count from the second network. The key count may be associated with a second key forwarded to the second network from the first network. The user device may generate the second key based on the first key and the received key count thereby establishing a security context between the second network and the user device.

A communication device for handling mobility from a long-term evolution (LTE) network to a fifth generation (5G) network comprises a storage device storing instructions of transmitting a first LTE Non-Access Stratum (NAS) message to the LTE network; receiving a second LTE NAS message in response to the first LTE NAS message, from the LTE network; and transmitting a message to the 5G network, after determining to communicate with the 5G network instead of the LTE network, wherein the message comprises a slice information, and the slice information is comprised in the first LTE NAS message or in the second LTE NAS message.

Embodiments herein provide a method for generating a real-time radio coverage map in a wireless network by a network apparatus. The method includes: receiving real-time geospatial information from one or more geographical sources in the wireless network; determining handover information of at least one user equipment (UE) in the wireless network from a plurality of base stations based on the real-time geospatial information; and generating the real-time radio coverage map based on the handover information of at least one UE and the real-time geospatial information.