The invention relates to a heating system for heating a living being, for instance, a person (2) within a vehicle (1) being preferentially a hybrid car or an electric car. The heating system comprises an infrared laser system (5, 6) for illuminating the living being with infrared laser light, thereby heating the living being. Thus, heating radiation is used, which has a high collimation and which can be focused relatively easily. The heating can therefore be confined to a certain region, in which the living being is located. The heating can even be confined to the living being or to parts of the living being only. This more focused heating allows for a reduction of the energy consumption.

A heater system for a non-combustible aerosol-generating device includes a heater element and a fuse element. The heater element has a heating region, a first terminal and a second terminal. The fuse element is electrically connected between the first terminal and the second terminal in parallel with the heater element. The fuse element has a region configured to induce a localized hot spot to cause the fuse element to open circuit in response to power applied between the first terminal and the second terminal.

A heater system for a non-combustible aerosol-generating device includes a heater element and a fuse element. The heater element has a heating region, a first terminal and a second terminal. The fuse element is electrically connected between the first terminal and the second terminal in parallel with the heater element. The fuse element has a region configured to induce a localized hot spot to cause the fuse element to open circuit in response to power applied between the first terminal and the second terminal.

Provided is an electric power control apparatus of an electrofusion coupling pipe using a conductive polymer composite as a heating element and a method of controlling electric power using the same. The electric power control apparatus supplies electric power to the electrofusion coupling pipe using a conductive polymer composite as a heating element to detect resistance variation of the conductive polymer composite and then controls electric power supplied to the synthetic resin pipe electrofusion coupling pipe on the basis of the detected resistance variation.

Provided is an electric power control apparatus of an electrofusion coupling pipe using a conductive polymer composite as a heating element and a method of controlling electric power using the same. The electric power control apparatus supplies electric power to the electrofusion coupling pipe using a conductive polymer composite as a heating element to detect resistance variation of the conductive polymer composite and then controls electric power supplied to the synthetic resin pipe electrofusion coupling pipe on the basis of the detected resistance variation.

The present invention relates to a vehicle windscreen with an electrically heatable coating. The vehicle windscreen may extend over a major part of the surface area of the vehicle windscreen and may be electrically connected to at least two low-impedance bus bars lying opposite one another. The vehicle windscreen may include at least one conducting structure only covering the heating area outside a central viewing area, in order to shorten electrically the distance between the bus bars. The vehicle windscreen may be configured such that that current flows in the part of the heating area that is not covered by at least one conducting structure.

A method for the joining of ceramic pieces with a hermetically sealed joint comprising brazing a layer of joining material between the two pieces. The wetting and flow of the joining material is controlled by the selection of the joining material, the joining temperature, the joining atmosphere, and other factors. The ceramic pieces may be aluminum nitride and the pieces may be brazed with an aluminum alloy under controlled atmosphere. The joint material is adapted to later withstand both the environments within a process chamber during substrate processing, and the oxygenated atmosphere which may be seen within the shaft of a heater or electrostatic chuck.

A thermal system includes a base member, a two-phase fluid, a tuning heater, and a chuck. The base member includes at least one fluid passageway. The two-phase fluid is disposed within the fluid passageway. A pressure of the two-phase fluid is controlled such that the two-phase fluid provides at least one of heating and cooling to the base member. The tuning heater is secured to the base member. The chuck is secured to the tuning heater opposite to the base member. The tuning heater includes a plurality of zones to fine tune a heat distribution provided by the base member to the chuck.

Embodiments of the present invention include a heating method and apparatus in which a plurality of heated regions is superimposed in order to improve energy density control.

A pressure sensor integrated glow plug inserted inside a cylinder of an internal combustion engine and used, the pressure sensor integrated glow plug being equipped with a housing, a rod-like heater element held with its distal end projecting from the housing, and a pressure sensor, with the heater element being held in the housing by a flexible member and configured in such a way that its position relative to the housing is displaceable, and with the pressure sensor being configured in such a way that it can receive pressure inside the cylinder because of the displacement of the heater element, wherein a heat-resistant fiber member carrying an oxidation catalyst component is disposed in an interstice between the housing and the heater element on the distal end side of the flexible member.