Aspects of the present disclosure provide a betatron for accelerating electrons. For example, the betatron can include magnet core parts spaced apart by an air gap. At least one main coil can be arranged on the magnet core parts. A betatron tube can be arranged in the air gap for electrons to circulate therein. A control circuit can be electrically coupled to the main coil. The control circuit can be configured to control a main coil current flowing through the main coil, such that as the control circuit increases the main coil current during a current ramp up period, the control circuit maintains the main coil current at a constant level during an injection period when the electrons are injected into the betatron. The current ramp up period can include a short pause and the injection period.

Material loss may be estimated from 2D digital radiographs using double wall single imaging (DWSI) technique using a system for estimation of material loss from 2D digital radiographs comprising one or more calibration samples, each with one or more known defects; one or more radiofrequency emissions sources; one or more radiofrequency emissions detectors; one or more radiofrequency emissions processors operatively in communication with at least one radiofrequency emissions detector; and software which is used to process a background image representative of a background proximate a structure which is obtained and radiofrequency emissions emitted the structure at a predetermined location. The radiofrequency emissions detector detects radiofrequency emissions reflected from the structure and the radiofrequency emissions processor used to further process the radiofrequency emissions by creating a two-dimensional image of the detected radiofrequency emissions from which the background image is subtracted using median filtering.

A dynamic magnetic field feed device feeds a magnetic field at predetermined timing to a predetermined region through which an ion beam having desired energy circulating in an acceleration space passes, and displaces a circular orbit of the ion beam having the desired energy. An extraction channel is arranged on an outer periphery of a magnetic pole. A position O1 where an ion introduction device introduces ions into the acceleration space is a position closer to the extraction channel relative to a center O2 of the magnetic pole. A region to which the dynamic magnetic field feed device feeds a magnetic field is a region closer to an opening of the extraction channel relative to the position O1 where ions are introduced, and the magnetic field to be fed is a magnetic field in a direction where the main magnetic field is strengthened.

A dynamic magnetic field feed device feeds a magnetic field at predetermined timing to a predetermined region through which an ion beam having desired energy circulating in an acceleration space passes, and displaces a circular orbit of the ion beam having the desired energy. An extraction channel is arranged on an outer periphery of a magnetic pole. A position O1 where an ion introduction device introduces ions into the acceleration space is a position closer to the extraction channel relative to a center O2 of the magnetic pole. A region to which the dynamic magnetic field feed device feeds a magnetic field is a region closer to an opening of the extraction channel relative to the position O1 where ions are introduced, and the magnetic field to be fed is a magnetic field in a direction where the main magnetic field is strengthened.

A spheromak is a plasma of ions and electrons formed into a toroidal shape. A spheromak plasma can include electrons and ions of nearly equal amounts such that it is essentially charge neutral. It contains large internal electrical currents and their associated internal magnetic fields arranged so that the forces within the spheromak are nearly balanced. The spheromak described herein is observed to form around an electric arc in partial atmosphere, and is observed to be self-stable with no external magnetic containment. The spheromak can be captured using a capture system. The spheromak can be accelerated through an accelerator tube.

A multi-channel system for truck scanning, includes an impulse radiation source; and a plurality of detection circuits, each detection circuit comprising a scintillator, a photodiode, a supplemental circuit, an integrator and an ADC, connected in series. A current of the photodiode is proportional to radiation from the impulse radiation source. A data storage device stores outputs of the ADCs and provides the outputs to a computer that converts them to a shadow image of the scanned truck. The supplemental circuit isolates a capacitance of the photodiode from the integrator, filters out low frequency signals from the photodiode, amplifies the signal from the photodiode and reduces a bandwidth of the photodiode seen by the integrator. The supplemental circuit reduces an influence of capacitance of the photodiode on system noise, increases a signal-to-noise ratio of the system, and reduces an influence of photodiode temperature changes on a quality of the scanned image.

A method for using a synchrotron, the method including the steps of: providing a synchrotron designed to accelerate a hadron beam to higher momenta; altering said synchrotron to enable deceleration of hadron beams to lower momenta; and using the synchrotron in said altering step in decelerating a hadron beam to lower momentum.

An ion implanter. The ion implanter may include an ion source to generate an ion beam, and a linear accelerator, downstream to the ion source. The linear accelerator may include a buncher system to receive the ion beam and output a bunched ion beam, and a plurality of acceleration stages, to accelerate the bunched ion beam. The buncher system may include at least one RF buncher, a controller to adjust at least one control parameter of the at least one RF buncher over a plurality of instances; and a beam monitor, disposed downstream of the at least one RF buncher, and arranged to perform a plurality of beam measurements of the bunched ion beam over the plurality of instances. As such, the controller may be further arranged to determine a focal length of the buncher based upon the plurality of beam measurements.

An ion implanter. The ion implanter may include an ion source to generate an ion beam, and a linear accelerator, downstream to the ion source. The linear accelerator may include a buncher system to receive the ion beam and output a bunched ion beam, and a plurality of acceleration stages, to accelerate the bunched ion beam. The buncher system may include at least one RF buncher, a controller to adjust at least one control parameter of the at least one RF buncher over a plurality of instances; and a beam monitor, disposed downstream of the at least one RF buncher, and arranged to perform a plurality of beam measurements of the bunched ion beam over the plurality of instances. As such, the controller may be further arranged to determine a focal length of the buncher based upon the plurality of beam measurements.

To provide a circular accelerator capable of detecting the position of a circulating charged particle beam and a particle beam therapy system including the circular accelerator. A circular accelerator (39) configured to apply a first radio frequency to a circling charged particle beam to accelerate the charged particle beam, the circular accelerator including: an electrode (12), (13) configured to apply the first radio frequency to the charged particle beam; and a beam position monitor (16) provided in the electrode and configured to detect a position of the charged particle beam.