The present invention relates to the doping of organic semiconductors and processes for producing layers of p-doped organic semiconductors. Disclosed is a process for p-doping organic semiconductors comprising treating the organic semiconductor with an oxidized salt of the organic semiconductor. A process for producing a layer of a p-doped organic semiconductor comprising producing a p-doped organic semiconductor by treating the organic semiconductor with an oxidized salt of the organic semiconductor; disposing a composition comprising a solvent and the p-doped organic semiconductor on a substrate; and removing the solvent is also described. Also disclosed is a process for producing a layer of a p-doped organic semiconductor comprising: disposing a composition comprising a solvent, the organic semiconductor and a protic ionic liquid on a substrate; and removing the solvent. A process for producing a semiconductor device comprising a process for doping an organic semiconductor according to the invention is also described. Finally, a high purity p-dopant composition is described.

The hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite-based solar cell with copper oxide as a hole transport material includes a transparent conducting film layer (12) sandwiched between a glass substrate (11) and a titanium dioxide layer (14). The transparent conducting film layer (12) can be fluorine-doped tin oxide. A lead methylammonium tri-iodide perovskite layer (16) is formed on the titanium dioxide layer (14), such that the titanium dioxide layer (14) is sandwiched between the lead methylammonium tri-iodide perovskite layer (16) and the transparent conducting film layer (12). A layer of copper oxide (Cu2O) (18), as a hole transport material, is formed on the lead methylammonium tri-iodide perovskite layer (16). The lead methylammonium tri-iodide perovskite layer (16) is sandwiched between the layer of hole transport material (18) and the titanium dioxide layer (14). A gold contact (20) is formed on the layer of hole transport material (18).

Provided are a photoelectric conversion element having a photosensitive layer including a light absorber, in which the light absorber includes a compound having a perovskite-type crystal structure including specific cations and anions, and at least some of the anions constituting the compound are organic anions represented by Formula (An) and a solar cell using this photoelectric conversion element.

R.sup.1—C(═X.sup.1)—X.sup.2  Formula (An) R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, an aliphatic heterocyclic group, —N(R.sup.2).sub.2, —OR.sup.3, —SR.sup.4, or a halogen atom. X.sup.1 represents an O atom or a S atom. X.sup.2 represents O.sup.− or S.sup.−. R.sup.2 to R.sup.4 are specific groups. Here, in a case in which X.sup.1 is an O atom and X.sup.2 is O.sup.−, R.sup.1 is a specific group.

A method of manufacturing a foldable display device includes providing a first structure including a first flexible member, a first release film having a first release force, and a lower release film having a second release force, detaching the first release film without detaching the lower release film, providing a second structure including a second flexible member, a second release film having a third release force, and a first adhesive layer on the first flexible member, and detaching the lower release film without detaching the second release film, in which an adhesive force of the first adhesive layer to the first or second flexible members is greater than the second and third release force, the second release force is larger than the first release force by about “n” times and the third release force by about “m” times, “n” and “m” each being a real number larger than about one.

Disclosed is a solar cell including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first conversion layer disposed therebetween. The first electrode is closer to a light incident side than the second electrode. The first conversion layer is a composition-gradient perovskite. A part of the first conversion layer adjacent to the first electrode has an energy gap less than that of a part of the first conversion layer adjacent to the second electrode.

A method of making an OLED device includes providing a first undercut lift-off structure over the device substrate having a first array of bottom electrodes. Next, one or more first organic EL medium layers including at least a first light-emitting layer are deposited over the first undercut lift-off structure and over the first array of bottom electrodes. The first undercut lift-off structure and overlying first organic EL medium layer(s) are removed by treatment with a first lift-off agent comprising a fluorinated solvent to form a first intermediate structure. The process is repeated using a second undercut lift-off structure to deposit one or more second organic EL medium layers over a second array of bottom electrodes. After removal of the second undercut lift-off structure, a common top electrode is provided in electrical contact with the first and second organic EL medium layers.

Disclosed is an electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cell element, which contains a halogen, a halide salt, and a basic substance and in which a redox pair is formed by the halogen and the halide salt, the halogen and the halide salt have the same halogen atom, and the basic substance contains a first imidazole compound constituted by a benzimidazole compound and a second imidazole compound represented by the following formula (1), in which a volume molar concentration C.sub.2 of the second imidazole compound is lower than a volume molar concentration C.sub.1 of the first imidazole compound:

##STR00001##

(in the formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or the like. R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 each independently represent an aliphatic hydrocarbon group or the like).

A photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode having a photosensitive layer including a light absorber on a conductive support; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and a hole transport layer provided between the first and the second electrodes, in which the light absorber includes a compound having a perovskite-type crystal structure having a cation of Group 1 element of the periodic table or a cationic organic group A, a cation of a metallic atom M that is not Group 1 element of the periodic table, and an anion of an anionic atom X, and an organic solvent content per cubic millimeter of the hole transport layer is 1×10.sup.−10 to 1×10.sup.−7 mol, a solar cell using this photoelectric conversion element, and a method for manufacturing a photoelectric conversion element including a step of applying a hole-transporting material solution and drying the solution at 40° C. to 180° C.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a perovskite having a stoichiometry comprising A.sub.1-xFA.sub.xSn.sub.1-yB.sub.y(I.sub.1-zX.sub.z).sub.3, where A is a first cation, B is a second cation, X is a halide, and 0.5≤x≤0.9, 0.5≤y≤0.9, and 0≤z≤1. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, A may include at least one of cesium, guanidinium, and/or methylammonium. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, X may include at least one of bromide and/or chloride. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, z may be equal to zero.

A photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode, in this order, wherein the photoelectric conversion layer contains a quantum dot and an organic compound, satisfies formula (1), a predetermined carrier mobility, and a predetermined energy level, and reduces a residual image, E2>E1 formula (1). E1 (eV) is the energy at a short-wavelength edge in a wavelength region of light detected by the photoelectric conversion element. E2 (eV) is the band gap of the organic compound.