Disclosed are a preparation method and a system of low-carbon jet biofuel based on whole life cycle. A low-carbon method and a system of using whole life cycle involving whole process from raw material acquisition, fuel preparation to fuel application are related. A prepared jet biofuel can be used in six types of aircrafts and engines thereof. Aircrafts using the jet biofuel can have a portion of greenhouse gas emission reduction of 50% to 80%.

Systems and methods are provided for integrating a fluidized coking operation, a reverse osmosis operation, a coke gasification operation and/or processes for production of compounds from the synthesis gas generated during the coke gasification. Conventional FLEXICOKING™ processes may produce carbon dioxide emissions and low Joule Flexigas, as well as waste water containing metals and poor quality coke containing metals, which may be expensive to process, or may require sending to other facilities for further processing. The systems and methods described herein address these issues in an advantageous and economical manner, with improved carbon capture, waste upgrade and chemicals production, while providing high value ash (e.g., for recovery of metals such as vanadium, nickel, sodium, iron, and mixtures thereof) and upgraded coke streams.

Presented are processes for the beneficial conversion of CO.sub.2 and other environmentally destructive compounds to their constituent parts by the application of thermal plasma containing activated species whereby the interaction of the plasma with the compounds and reactions of CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 generate more environmentally friendly compounds comprising in part oxygen and hydrogen. The thermal plasma may be vibro-shear plasma generated by the superheating of either steam, gas or a combination of both.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.

The invention relates to an installation (1) and a method allowing the near total recovery and space-saving storage of carbon in the form of liquid carbon dioxide (19), from a substance (9) of the group consisting of hydrocarbons/ethers/alcohols, without the use of gas compression. To achieve this, a superheated gas (12) at a pressure of over 5.18 bar is generated from the substance (9) of the group consisting of hydrocarbons/ethers/alcohols and water (10), and this gas is delivered, by means of steam reforming and hydrogen liberation, into a retentate mass flow (15) containing carbon dioxide. Liquid carbon dioxide (19) is obtained therefrom by means of condensation, and is stored in a storage tank (7) while the liberated hydrogen is oxidised to provide mechanical and/or electrical as well as thermal energy. The use of membranes with low hydrogen/carbon dioxide permeation selectivity is permitted by forming a permeate mass flow circuit that is closed in respect of carbon dioxide. Operation at low pressures is permitted by the condensation and storage at temperatures below the ambient temperature, for which purpose cold (17) is generated from said thermal energy in a sorption method.

The present technology provides compositions that include at least about 98 weight percent (“wt %”) n-paraffins which, among other surprising features, may be suitable for use as a diesel fuel, an aviation fuel, a jet fuel blendstock, a blendstock to reduce the cloud point of a diesel fuel, a fuel for portable heaters, and/or as a charcoal lighter fluid. The composition includes at least about 98 wt % C.sub.7-C.sub.12 n-paraffins, where at least about 10 wt % of composition includes n-decane, at least about 20 wt % of the composition includes n-dodecane, and at least about 75 wt % of the composition includes even carbon number paraffins. The composition also includes less about 0.1 wt % oxygenates and less than about 0.1 wt % aromatics. The composition may be produced by a process that includes hydrotreating a biorenewable feedstock comprising at least one of palm kernel oil, coconut oil, babassu oil, microbial oil, or algal oil.

Embodiments of methods for capturing high-purity CO.sub.2 in a hydrocarbon facility and related systems are provided. The method comprises operating a hydrogen plant to generate a high-purity hydrogen stream and a CO.sub.2 rich stream with a CO.sub.2 concentration above 30%; introducing the high-purity hydrogen stream into an anode of a molten carbonate fuel cell; introducing the CO.sub.2 rich stream and O.sub.2 into a cathode of the molten carbonate fuel cell; reacting CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2 within the cathode to produce carbonate and a cathode exhaust stream from a cathode outlet; reacting carbonate from the cathode with H.sub.2 within the anode to produce electricity and an anode exhaust stream from an anode outlet, the anode exhaust stream comprising CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2O; separating the CO.sub.2 in the anode exhaust stream in one or more separators to form a pure CO.sub.2 stream and a H.sub.2O stream; and collecting the pure CO.sub.2 stream.

A system has an alkaline capture stream as an input, an alkaline depleted stream as an output, a carbon dioxide removal unit operation having a return stream as an output, and a series of electrolyzers, each electrolyzer to receive a CO.sub.2-rich input stream and produce an acidified output stream that is more acidic than the CO.sub.2-rich input stream, and to receive a return stream and produce a basified output stream that is more alkaline than the input return stream. A method of removing carbon dioxide from an atmosphere and generating hydrogen includes capturing carbon dioxide from an atmosphere in an alkaline capture solution, sending the alkaline solution as a CO.sub.2-rich input solution to a series of electrolyzers in a CO.sub.2-rich path, removing carbon dioxide from the acidified CO.sub.2-rich solution at a removal unit to produce a CO.sub.2-poor solution, sending the CO.sub.2-poor solution to the series of electrolyzers in a return path, and returning the return solution to the alkaline capture stream. An electrolyzer is also discussed.

A system for producing hydrogen gas from biomass is disclosed that includes a first reaction chamber having one or more hydroxides, a Ni/ZrO.sub.2 catalyst, and a source of moistened seaweed biomass therein. A heat source is in communication with the first reaction chamber. One or more product streams exit the first reaction chamber including, hydrogen gas, a carbonate, or combinations thereof. A recycle stream provides recycled hydroxide to the first reaction chamber and the product stream is produced as a result of reaction of the seaweed biomass source with the one or more hydroxides in the presence of the Ni/ZrO.sub.2 catalyst.

Methods of using sorbents to enhance the production of hydrogen from fuel, and related systems, are generally described. In some embodiments, the production of hydrogen from the fuel involves a reforming reaction and/or a gasification reaction combined with a water-gas shift reaction.