Disclosed are example efficient circuits that produce spark discharges for hydrocarbon conversion (or treatment of other mixtures) using a high-voltage rectified DC supply to discharge a capacitor (either internal or external) across a two-electrode gap, optimized to minimize waste energy by operating in a constant current, approximately-constant current, or constant power mode. The circuits may operate off of a standard electrical supply line (e.g. 120 VAC or 240 V AC, 60 Hz, single-phase or multi-phase). The disclosed approach is scalable to any number of discharge gaps while maintaining similar pulse characteristics and electrical efficiency.

A static mixer or a flow reactor comprising a static mixer for mixing streams of fluid transported through or circulated in a flow reactor is provided. A static mixer element reduces the size of gas bubbles in a liquid for installation in a flow channel, and comprises, a first mixer unit and a second and adjacent mixer unit, which mixer units are displaced relative to each other in the flow direction, such that a through opening in the first mixer unit at least partly faces a surface of the second mixer unit thereby forcing the fluid flow to change direction. Adjacent mixer units have substantially the same height or thickness, and are substantially parallel having a distance between them that may be near zero or up to 10 times the thickness of a mixer unit.

The present invention relates to the field of gas/liquid reactors making possible the oligomerization of ethylene to give linear olefins by homogeneous catalysis with a reaction chamber comprising transverse internals capable of slowing down the ascent of the gaseous ethylene in the said reactor.

The present invention relates to the field of gas/liquid reactors making possible the oligomerization of ethylene to give linear olefins by homogeneous catalysis with a reaction chamber comprising transverse internals capable of slowing down the ascent of the gaseous ethylene in the said reactor.

A method of producing liquid fuel and/or chemicals from a carbonaceous material entails combusting a conditioned syngas in pulse combustion heat exchangers of a steam reformer to help convert carbonaceous material into first reactor product gas which includes carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases. A portion of the first reactor product gas is transferred to a hydrogen reformer into which additional conditioned syngas is added and a reaction carried out to produce an improved syngas. The improved syngas is then subject to one or more gas clean-up steps to form a new conditioned syngas. A portion of the new conditioned syngas is recycled to be used as the conditioned syngas in the pulse combustion heat exchangers and in the hydrocarbon reformer. A system for carrying out the method include, a steam reformer, a hydrocarbon reformer, first and second gas-cleanup systems, a synthesis system and an upgrading system.

A method of preheating a feed to a molten material reactor comprises heating a hydrocarbon feed in a first heat exchanger using a cooled product gas to produce a heated hydrocarbon feed stream, pyrolyzing at least a portion of the C.sub.2+ hydrocarbons in the heated feed stream in a pyrolysis reactor to produce a pyrolyzed hydrocarbon stream, and heating the pyrolyzed hydrocarbon stream in a second heat exchanger using a product gas to produce a pre-heated feed gas. The heated hydrocarbon feed stream comprises methane and one or more C.sub.2+ hydrocarbons.

A catalytic membrane composite that includes porous supported catalyst particles durably enmeshed in a porous fibrillated polymer membrane is provided. The porous fibrillated polymer membrane may be manipulated to take the form of a tube, disc, or diced tape and used in multiphase reaction systems. The supported catalyst particles are composed of at least one finely divided metal catalyst dispersed on a porous support substrate. High catalytic activity is gained by the effective fine dispersion of the finely divided metal catalyst such that the metal catalyst covers the support substrate and/or is interspersed in the pores of the support substrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic membrane composite may be introduced to a stirred tank autoclave reactor system, a continuous flow reactor system, or a Parr Shaker reaction system and used to effect the catalytic reaction.

Disclosed are methods and systems for hydrogen isotope exchange of organic molecules that can be carried out with no alteration in the chemical structure of the organic molecules. Methods can be utilized to incorporate a particular hydrogen isotope on an organic molecule (e.g., deuteration or tritiation) or to remove a particular hydrogen isotope from an organic molecule (e.g., detritiation).

Reactor for the high-pressure non-catalytic synthesis of melamine from urea, comprising coaxial inner reaction zone (6) and outer reaction zone (7) wherein a crude melamine is formed in the inner reaction zone and contacted with gaseous ammonia for stripping in the outer reaction zone, wherein a gaseous phase liberated in the outer zone is collected in a gas collection chamber (12) above the reaction zones, wherein the crude melamine melt is transferred from the inner zone into the outer zone via a submerged liquid passage below the liquid level to provide a liquid seal between the chambers.

A method for thermal cracking of a hydrocarbon to produce hydrogen gas and carbon comprises heating a molten medium to an operating temperature sufficient to thermally crack the hydrocarbon. The operating temperature may, for example be in the range of 600° C. to 1100° C. The method mixes the hydrocarbon into the heated molten medium and pumping the mixed molten medium and hydrocarbon through a reactor. In the reactor, the hydrocarbon undergoes a thermal cracking reaction which forms hydrogen gas and carbon black. The method separates the carbon and hydrogen gas from the molten medium that has passed through the reactor. In some embodiments, the flow of the molten medium in the reactor is a turbulent flow.