Provided herein are carbon-based oxide (CBO) materials and reduced carbon-based oxide (rCBO) materials, fabrication processes, and devices with improved performance and a high throughput. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides materials and methods for synthesizing CBO and rCBO materials. Such methods avoid the shortcomings of current synthesizing methods to facilitate facile, high-throughput production of CBO and rCBO materials.

Provided herein are carbon-based oxide (CBO) materials and reduced carbon-based oxide (rCBO) materials, fabrication processes, and devices with improved performance and a high throughput. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides materials and methods for synthesizing CBO and rCBO materials. Such methods avoid the shortcomings of current synthesizing methods to facilitate facile, high-throughput production of CBO and rCBO materials.

A process for isolating astatine includes (a) contacting a composition comprising astatine and bismuth with nitric acid to form a first solution comprising astatine, bismuth, and nitric acid; (b) contacting a resin with the first solution so that astatine partitions out of the first solution and into the resin; and (c) eluting astatine from the resin. A composition comprising astatine may be of the formula AtO.sup.+X.sup.−, wherein X.sup.− is a counterion.

A process for isolating astatine includes (a) contacting a composition comprising astatine and bismuth with nitric acid to form a first solution comprising astatine, bismuth, and nitric acid; (b) contacting a resin with the first solution so that astatine partitions out of the first solution and into the resin; and (c) eluting astatine from the resin. A composition comprising astatine may be of the formula AtO.sup.+X.sup.−, wherein X.sup.− is a counterion.

Metal oxide particles, preferably crystalline transition metal oxide particles, made via a continuous process comprising application of a voltage across an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution includes a transition metal salt dissolved in water, and preferably also includes a compound for increasing the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte. The particles made by the processes disclosed herein, can have sizes in the micrometer or nanometer ranges. The oxide particles can have a variety of uses, including for charge storage devices. As an example, crystalline manganese oxide nanoparticles, and methods for making the same, are disclosed for a variety of uses including lithium ion batteries.

A fluidized bed biogasifier is provided for gasifying biosolids. The biogasifier includes a reactor vessel and a feeder for feeding biosolids into the reactor vessel at a desired feed rate during steady-state operation of the biogasifier. A fluidized bed in the base of the reactor vessel has a cross-sectional area that is proportional to at least the fuel feed rate such that the superficial velocity of gas is in the range of 0.1 m/s (0.33 ft/s) to 3 m/s (9.84 ft/s). In a method for gasifying biosolids, biosolids are fed into a fluidized bed reactor. Oxidant gases are applied to the fluidized bed reactor to produce a superficial velocity of producer gas in the range of 0.1 m/s (0.33 ft/s) to 3 m/s (9.84 ft/s). The biosolids are heated inside the fluidized bed reactor to a temperature range between 900° F. (482.2° C.) and 1700° F. (926.7° C.) in an oxygen-starved environment having a sub-stoichiometric oxygen level, whereby the biosolids are gasified.

The invention relates to the field of inorganic chemistry and presents a new class of acids and their salts, in particular, a class of halogenoid acids with a general formula H.sub.mXO.sub.(V+m-n)/2Ha.sub.n, where X is a non-metal of group 4, 5 or 6 of the periodic table of elements, V is its valence in the compound, Ha is a halogen, which may find application in chemical treatment of materials, as a part of fertilizers or insecticides in agriculture, in medicine, etc. In particular, the object of the invention is a fluoro-nitric acid of the formula H.sub.2NO.sub.3F with the structural formula ##STR00001## In particular, the object of the invention is a chloro-nitric acid of the formula H.sub.2NO.sub.3Cl with the structural formula ##STR00002## In particular, the object of the invention is a sulfuro-chlorous acid of the formula H.sub.2SO.sub.3Cl.sub.2 with the structural formula ##STR00003##

Provided is a method capable of separating and purifying astatine-211 in a high yield and dissolving same in a solution. A method for producing astatine-211, including a step of irradiating α ray to bismuth to produce astatine-211 in the bismuth, and a step of distilling the bismuth that received α ray irradiation with a carrier gas containing an inert gas, O.sub.2 and H.sub.2O to separate and purify astatine-211, and dissolving the astatine-211 in a solution.

Provided is a method capable of separating and purifying astatine-211 in a high yield and dissolving same in a solution. A method for producing astatine-211, including a step of irradiating α ray to bismuth to produce astatine-211 in the bismuth, and a step of distilling the bismuth that received α ray irradiation with a carrier gas containing an inert gas, O.sub.2 and H.sub.2O to separate and purify astatine-211, and dissolving the astatine-211 in a solution.

In order to produce high yields of astatine-211 without contamination of chloride ions, provided is a method for producing astatine-211, including (1) a step of generating astatine-211 by irradiating bismuth with α rays; (2) a step of heating the astatine-211 generated in step (1) to vaporize; (3) a step of cooling the astatine-211 that has been vaporized in step (2) and collecting the astatine-211 with a volatile and polar solvent to obtain an astatine-211 solution; (4) a step of adding a weak acid salt to the astatine-211 solution obtained in step (3) to obtain an astatine-211 solution containing the weak acid salt; and (5) a step of removing the solvent from the astatine-211 solution containing the weak acid salt obtained in step (4).