A producing method according to the present disclosure includes heat-treating a material mixture at higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C., wherein the material mixture contains MX.sub.5 and at least one selected from the group consisting of Li.sub.2O.sub.2, Li.sub.2O, and LiOH, M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb, and X is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br.

A solid electrolyte material contains Li, M, and X. M is at least one selected from metallic elements, and X is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I. A plurality of atoms of X form a sublattice having a closest packed structure. An average distance between two adjacent atoms of X among the plurality of atoms of X is 1.8% or more larger than a distance between two adjacent atoms of X in a rock-salt structure composed only of Li and X.

Disclosed are embodiments of high Q modified materials. In some embodiments, complex tungsten oxides and/or hexagonal perovskite crystal structures can be added to provide for advantageous properties. In some embodiments, no tin is used in the formation of the material.

A thin film structure including a dielectric material layer and an electronic device to which the thin film structure is applied are provided. The dielectric material layer includes a compound expressed by ABO.sub.3, wherein at least one of A and B in ABO.sub.3 is substituted and doped with another atom having a larger atom radius, and ABO.sub.3 becomes A.sub.1-xA′.sub.xB.sub.1-yB′.sub.yO.sub.3 (where x>=0, y>=0, at least one of x and y≠0, a dopant A′ has an atom radius greater than A and/or a dopant B′ has an atom radius greater than B) through substitution and doping. A dielectric material property of the dielectric material layer varies according to a type of a substituted and doped dopant and a substitution doping concentration.

To provide a thermoelectric conversion material having low environmental load and an excellent thermoelectric figure of merit ZT and a thermoelectric conversion module including the thermoelectric conversion material. A thermoelectric conversion material of the present invention is characterized by being a compound represented by Chemical Formula (1).
Cu.sub.26-xM.sub.xA.sub.2E.sub.6-yS.sub.32  (1)
In Chemical Formula (1), M represents a metal material including at least one of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn; A represents a metal material including at least one of Nb and Ta; E represents a metal material including at least one of Si, Ge, and Sn; x represents a numerical value of 0 or more and 4 or less; and y represents a numerical value of more than 0 and 1 or less.

Disclosed herein are electrolytes having increased proton conduction and steam tolerance for use in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). The disclosed SOECs provide an enhanced means for obtaining hydrogen. The disclosed SOECs provide enhanced conductivity and stability and, therefore, result in higher performance when used to fabricate electrolysis cells, fuel cells, and reversible cells.

A solid ion conductor compound includes a compound represented by Formula 1:
Li.sub.6−wHf.sub.2−xM.sub.xO.sub.7−yZ.sub.y  Formula 1
where, in Formula 1, M is an element having an oxidation number of a and a is 5, 6, or a combination thereof, Z is an element having an oxidation number of −1, and 0<x<2, 0≤y≤2, and 0<w<6 and w=[(a−4)×x]+y.

A system for determining pH of a fluid and a method to determine the pH of a fluid contacting a sensor, the method having the steps of: providing the sensor to an environment such that the sensor is in contact with the fluid, wherein the sensor features a fiber extending between a first end and a second end along a longitudinal axis, wherein the fiber further features a medial portion positioned between the first and second ends, wherein the sensor further features a pH sensitive coating on the medial portion of the fiber, and wherein the pH sensitive material features a metal oxide including but not limited to SiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, Ta.sub.2O.sub.5, A.sub.2O.sub.3, and combinations thereof; interrogating the sensor with an optical signal; collecting a modified optical signal after the sensor has been interrogated; and determining the pH of the fluid contacting the pH sensor using the modified optical signal.

A system for determining pH of a fluid and a method to determine the pH of a fluid contacting a sensor, the method having the steps of: providing the sensor to an environment such that the sensor is in contact with the fluid, wherein the sensor features a fiber extending between a first end and a second end along a longitudinal axis, wherein the fiber further features a medial portion positioned between the first and second ends, wherein the sensor further features a pH sensitive coating on the medial portion of the fiber, and wherein the pH sensitive material features a metal oxide including but not limited to SiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, Ta.sub.2O.sub.5, A.sub.2O.sub.3, and combinations thereof; interrogating the sensor with an optical signal; collecting a modified optical signal after the sensor has been interrogated; and determining the pH of the fluid contacting the pH sensor using the modified optical signal.

A solid electrolyte includes an ion conductor represented by at least one of Formulae 1 to 3,
Li.sub.1+3xM1.sub.1−xO.sub.2  Formula 1
wherein, in Formula 1, M1 is a trivalent element, and 0<x<1,
L.sub.1−yM2O.sub.2−yX.sub.y  Formula 2
wherein, in Formula 2, M2 is a trivalent element, X is at least one of a halogen atom or a pseudohalogen, and 0<y<1,
Li.sub.1−z(a−3)M3.sub.1−zD.sub.zO.sub.2  Formula 3
wherein, in Formula 3, M3 is a trivalent element, D is at least one of a monovalent element to a hexavalent element, and 0<z<1.