Described herein are catalytic hydrogenation processes, using Ru complexes with tetradentate ligands of formula L in hydrogenation processes for the reduction of ketone, aldehyde, ester, or lactone into the corresponding alcohol or diol respectively. These processes use a ruthenium complex of formula (1) as defined herein.

Described herein are catalytic hydrogenation processes, using Ru complexes with tetradentate ligands of formula L in hydrogenation processes for the reduction of ketone, aldehyde, ester, or lactone into the corresponding alcohol or diol respectively. These processes use a ruthenium complex of formula (1) as defined herein.

Described herein are catalytic hydrogenation processes, using Ru complexes with tetradentate ligands of formula L in hydrogenation processes for the reduction of ketone, aldehyde, ester, or lactone into the corresponding alcohol or diol respectively. These processes use a ruthenium complex of formula (1) as defined herein.

Provided are integrated processes for the conversion of beta propiolactone to acrylic acid. Systems for the production of acrylic acid are also provided.

Provided are integrated processes for the conversion of beta propiolactone to acrylic acid. Systems for the production of acrylic acid are also provided.

The invention relates to a catalyst composition comprising a mixed oxide of vanadium, titanium, and phosphorus modified with alkali metal. The titanium component is derived from a water-soluble, redox-active organo-titanium compound. The catalyst composition is highly effective at facilitating the vapor-phase condensation of formaldehyde with acetic acid to generate acrylic acid, particularly using an industrially relevant aqueous liquid feed.

The present invention relates to a method including: directly heating a fermentation broth to remove impurities, thereby preparing an organic vapor-phase dehydration feedstock; and continuously subjecting the organic vapor-phase dehydration feedstock to a vapor-phase dehydration reaction. According to the present invention, impurities in a fermentation broth, which have been removed by a multi-step process in the prior art, can be completely removed in a single-step process, and thus the time, cost and energy required for a process for preparing an organic vapor-phase dehydration feedstock from the fermentation broth can be effectively reduced, and the process for preparing the organic vapor-phase dehydration feedstock and a vapor-phase dehydration reaction can be continuously performed in an effective manner.

Methods for making acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof by contacting a stream containing hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with either an active catalyst containing an amorphous and partially-dehydrated phosphate salt or a precursor catalyst containing a crystalline phosphate salt in a reactor with a low corrosion rate are provided.